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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of olfaction in chemosensory-based predator recognition in the fathead minnow,Pimephales promelas (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 623-633 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Olfaction ; chemoreception ; solitary chemosensory cells ; predator recognition ; alarm pheromone ; Schreckstoff ; fathead minnow ; Pimephales promelas ; northern pike ; Esox lucius
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Solitary fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were rendered anosmic and exposed to chemical stimuli from a predatory northern pike (Esox lucius) to determine the role of olfaction in the minnow's ability to recognize predators on the basis of chemical stimuli. Anosmic fish did not respond to the pike stimuli with a typical fright reaction, while control fish, with intact olfactory receptors, did. These results demonstrate that the olfactory system is necessary for the ability of fathead minnows to recognize northern pike as a predator and that the gustatory and single-celled chemosensory systems are not sufficient for this recognition in the absence of olfactory input. Olfactory impairment was behaviorally confirmed by exposing minnows to alarm substance (Schreckstoff).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984997
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reactions of Gammarus lacustris to Chemical Stimuli from Natural Predators and Injured Conspecifics (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 1163-1173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Gammarus lacustris ; alarm pheromone ; kairomone ; predator avoidance ; antipredator behavior ; Esox lucius ; Aeshna eremita
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We exposed the freshwater amphipod Gammarus lacustris, to chemical stimuli from injured conspecifics and to chemical stimuli from two types of natural predators: dragonfly larvae (Aeshna eremita) and northern pike (Esox lucius). Exposure to all three stimuli caused G. lacustris to reduce significantly its level of activity relative to activity recorded in response to a distilled water control. The similarity in responses to chemicals associated with predators and to injured conspecifics suggests the presence of an alarm pheromone within the body tissues of G. lacustris. In response to chemical stimuli from pike, G. lacustris tended to reduce its time in the water column and spend more time near the bottom of the test aquaria. However, no such trend was apparent in response to chemical stimuli from dragonfly larvae. The differences in response to chemical stimuli from pike and larval dragonflies suggest that G. lacustris does not have a rigid behavioral response to predation risk; instead, antipredator behavior may be modified to maximize avoidance of predators that are active in different microhabitats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006393.92013.36
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Localized defecation by pike: a response to labelling by cyprinid alarm pheromone? (1995)
    Springer
    Behavioral ecology and sociobiology 36 (1995), S. 105-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0762
    Keywords: Esox lucius ; Pimephales promelas Schreckstoff ; Predator labelling ; Localized defecation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) that have never encountered a predatory pike (Esox lucius), are able to detect conspecific alarm pheromone in a pike's diet if the pike has recently consumed minnows. It remains unclear how this minnow alarm pheromone is secreted by pike and if a pike is able to avoid being labelled as a potential predator by localizing these cues away from its foraging range. The first experiment determined that minnow alarm pheromone is present in pike feces when pike are fed minnows. Individual fathead minnows exhibited a fright response to a stimulus of pike feces if the pike had been fed minnows, but not if the pike had been fed swordtails, which lack alarm pheromone. Individual minnows also exhibited a fright reaction to alarm pheromone in the water (which contained no feces) housing pike which had been fed minnows, suggesting that alarm pheromone is also released in urine, mucous secretions and/or via respiration. The second experiment determined that test pike spent a significantly greater proportion of time in the “home area” of the test tanks (i.e. where they were fed) but the majority of feces were deposited in the opposite end of the test tank. By localizing their defecation away from the home or foraging area, pike may be able to counter the effects of being labelled as a predator by the alarm pheromone of the prey species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00170715
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Learned Recognition of Predation Risk by Enallagma Damselfly Larvae (Odonata, Zygoptera) on the Basis of Chemical Cues (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 137-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Injury-released chemical alarm pheromone ; alarm signal ; antipredator behavior ; predator-prey ; learned predator recognition ; cross-species reactions ; prey guild ; damselfly ; Enallagma boreale ; fathead minnow ; Pimephales promelas ; northern pike ; Esox lucius
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We studied two populations of damselfly larvae (Enallagma boreale): one population cooccurred with a predatory fish (northern pike, Esox lucius); the other did not. Damselflies that cooccurred with pike adopted antipredator behavior (reduced activity) in response to chemical stimuli from injured conspecifics, and to chemical stimuli from pike, relative to a distilled water control. Damselflies from an area where pike do not occur responded only to chemical stimuli from injured conspecifics. In a second set of experiments, we conditioned pike-naive damselflies to recognize and respond to chemical stimuli from pike with antipredator behavior. Damselfly larvae that were previously unresponsive to pike stimuli learned to recognize pike stimuli after a single exposure to stimuli from pike and injured damselflies or pike and injured fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). The response to injured fathead minnows was not a general response to injured fish because damselfly larvae did not respond to chemical stimuli from injured swordtails (Xiphophorus helleri), an allopatric fish. Taken together, these data suggest a flexible learning program that allows damselfly larvae to rapidly acquire the ability to recognize local predation risk based on chemical stimuli from predators, conspecifics, and heterospecific members of their prey guild.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006350.66424.3d
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of diet on localized defecation by Northern Pike,Esox lucius (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 22 (1996), S. 467-475 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Fathead minnow ; Pimephales promelas ; northern pike ; Esox lucius ; localized defecation ; predator labelling ; alarm substance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) are able to detect conspecific alarm pheromone in the feces of northern pike (Esox lucius) and have been shown to avoid areas labeled with the feces of pike that were fed minnows. The minnows did not avoid areas labeled with the feces of pike that were fed swordtails (Xiphophorous helleri), which lack ostariophysan alarm pheromone. In laboratory experiments, pike fed a diet of minnows localized their defecation away from their foraging area. It has been suggested that in doing so, pike may remove chemical cues that label their foraging area as dangerous to prey species. As yet there has been no conclusive evidence to support this hypothesis. In this experiment, we test the effects of different predator diets on localized defecation by pike. Pike were fed minnows, swordtails, or mice (Mus musculus). Swordtails and mice lack ostariophysan alarm pheromones. Area use and location of feces were recorded. Pike fed minnows spent significantly more time in the home area (i.e., area of the test tank where they were fed) and defecated significantly more often in the opposite end of the tank. Pike fed swordtails also exhibited a significant preference for the home area in area use, while those fed mice showed no such preference. When fed either swordtails or mice, there was no significant difference between the proportion of time spent and proportion of feces in each area of the test tank. These data suggest that pike localize their defecation only when consuming prey items containing alarm pheromone. The current findings support the hypothesis that pike localize their defecation to remove chemical cues from the foraging area of the home range in order to avoid chemically labeling their foraging area as dangerous to prey.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02033649
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential learning rates of chemical versus visual cues of a northern pike by fathead minnows in a natural habitat (1997)
    Springer
    Environmental biology of fishes 49 (1997), S. 89-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5133
    Keywords: predator recognition ; alarm substance ; schreckstoff ; predator avoidance ; Esox lucius ; Pimephales promelas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We stocked 39 juvenile pike, Esox lucius, into a previously pike free pond which contained a population of approximately 78 000 fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas. Fathead minnows sampled prior to pike stocking did not show a stereotypic fright response to either visual or chemical cues from pike. After stocking pike, we sampled minnows every two days for a period of two weeks. Minnows sampled six days after stocking still did not show a fright response to the sight of a pike, but those sampled eight days after stocking did exhibit a significant fright response, indicating that acquired predator recognition based on vision occurred between six and eight days. Minnows sampled two days after stocking did not show a fright response to chemical cues of a pike. Those sampled four days after did, however, exhibit a significant fright response, indicating that acquired predator recognition based on chemical cues occurred between two and four days. These data indicate that acquired predator recognition occurs very rapidly and that the rate of learning of predator identity differs for chemical versus visual cues.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007302614292
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemical labeling of northern pike (Esox lucius) by the alarm pheromone of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 1967-1979 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Predator recognition ; alarm pheromone ; alarm substance ; alarm substance cells ; club cells ; Schreckstoff ; fish behavior ; fathead minnow ; northern pike ; Esox lucius ; Pimephales promelas
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract In previous experiments, chemical stimuli from northern pike (Esox lucius) elicited fright responses from pike-naive fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) only if the pike had recently eaten conspecific minnows. We used a behavioral assay to determine if the fright response is the result of the incorporation of the minnow alarm pheromone into the chemical signature of the pike. Because the alarm substance cells (epidermal club cells) of fathead minnows are seasonally lost by males, we used chemical stimuli from pike that had eaten breeding male minnows as a control stimulus. In independent laboratory and field experiments, pike-naive minnows exhibited fright reactions (e.g., increased shelter use, avoidance) when exposed to water from tanks containing pike that had eaten nonbreeding fatheads (with alarm substance cells), but not to water from tanks containing pike that had eaten breeding male fatheads (without alarm substance cells). These data indicate that the fathead minnow alarm pheromone chemically labels northern pike as dangerous to pike-naive receivers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00983800
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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