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  • nitrate  (3)
  • Enzyme activity  (2)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of stock camping behaviour on the soil microbiological and biochemical properties of grazed pastoral soils (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 28 (1999), S. 253-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Grazing animals ; Enzyme activity ; Microbial biomass ; Pasture ; Soil organic matter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  The size and activity of the soil microbial biomass in grazed pastures was compared on the main grazing area and on stock camp areas where animals congregate. Two sites were on hill country and three on gently sloping border-dyke irrigated land. Due to the transfer of nutrients and organic matter to the camp areas via dung and urine there was an accumulation of soil organic C, organic and inorganic P and S and soluble salts in the camp areas. Soil pH also tended to be higher in camp areas due to transfer of alkalinity by the grazing animals. Water soluble organic C, microbial biomass C and basal respiration were all higher in soils from camp areas but the proportion of organic C present as microbial C and the microbial respiratory quotient were unaffected. Microbial activity as quantified by arginine ammonification rate and fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis was higher in camp than non-camp soils but dehydrogenase activity remained unaffected. Activities of protease, histidase, urease, acid phosphatase and aryl-sulphatase were all higher in stock camp soils. The activities of both histidase and aryl-sulphatase were also higher when expressed per unit of microbial biomass C, indicating that the increased activity was the result of increased enzyme production by the microbial community. Prolonged regular applications of dairy shed effluent (diluted dung and urine from cattle) to a field had a similar effect to stock camping in increasing soil organic matter content, nutrient accumulation and soil biological activity. It was concluded that the stock camping activity of grazing animals results in an increase in both the fertility and biological activity in soils from camp areas at the expense of these properties on the main grazing areas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050490
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Movement and transformations of fertigated nitrogen below trickle emitters and their effects on pH in the wetted soil volume (1990)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 23 (1990), S. 105-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Ammonium ; fertigation ; nitrate ; nitrogen ; trickle irrigation ; urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The movement and transformations of ammonium-, urea- and nitrate-N in the wetted volume of soil below the trickle emitter was studied in a field experiment following the fertigation of N as ammonium sulphate, urea and calcium nitrate. Effects on soil pH in the wetted volume were also investigated. During a fertigation cycle (emitter rate 2lh−1) applied ammonium was concentrated in the surface 10 cm of soil immediately below the emitter and little lateral movement occurred. In contrast, because of their greater mobility in the soil, fertigated urea and nitrate were more evenly distributed down the soil profile below the emitter and had moved laterally in the profile to 15 cm radius from the emitter. The conversion of applied N to nitrate-N was more rapid when urea rather than ammonium-N was applied suggesting that the accumulation of large amounts of ammonium below the emitter in the ammonium sulphate treatment probably retarded nitrification. Following their conversion to nitrate-N, both fertigated ammonium sulphate and urea caused acidification in the wetted soil volume. Acidification was confined to the surface 20 cm of soil in the ammonium sulphate treatment, however because of its greater mobility, fertigation with urea (2lh−1) resulted in acidification occurring down to a depth of 40 cm. Such subsoil acidity is likely to be very difficult to ameliorate. Increasing the trickle discharge rate from 2lh−1 to 4lh−1 reduced the downward movement of urea and encouraged its lateral spread in the surface soil. As a consequence, acidification was confined to the surface (0–20 cm) soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01063337
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of pasture improvement and intensive cultivation on microbial biomass, enzyme activities, and composition and size of earthworm populations (1994)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 17 (1994), S. 185-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Earthworms ; Enzyme activity ; Microbial biomass ; Pasture ; Soil organic matter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We investigated the quantity and distribution of organic C, microbial biomass C, protease, arylsulphatase and arylphosphatase activity, and earthworm numbers and biomass in the soil from a 37-year-old grazed pasture supplied with superphosphate at rates of 0, 188, and 376 kg ha-1 annually. The results were compared with a non-irrigated wilderness site which had not been used for agriculture and an arable site that had been intensively cultivated for 11 consecutive years. In the 0- to 5-cm layer, organic C followed the trend arable〈wilderness = control〈low phosphate = high posphate and soil biological activity generally followed a similar trend. For example, protease and arylsulphatase activity and microbial biomass C followed the order arable〈wilderness〈control〈low phosphate = high phosphate. The greater activity in the control than the wilderness site was attributed to the more regular turnover of organic matter throughout the year in the control due to the activity of the grazing animals. Earthworm numbers increased in the order arable〈wilderness〈control〈low phosphate〈high phosphate. In the improved pasture sites the earthworm population was dominated by Aporrectodea caliginosa (77–89% of total numbers) although Lumbricus rubellus made an increasing contribution to the population with increasing superphosphate rates. In the unirrigated wilderness site the population consisted of 56% A. caliginosa and 44% L. rubellus. While Octolasion cyaneum and A. rosea made up a small proportion of the population in the improved pasture sites, they were not present in the wilderness or arable sites. A. caliginosa was the only species present in the arable site. The mean fresh weight of individuals followed the order arable〈control = low phosphate = high phosphate〈wilderness and the proportion of jeveniles in the population was greatest in the arable and lowest in the wilderness site.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336320
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of a nitrification inhibitor on leaching losses and recovery of mineralized nitrogen by a wheat crop after ploughing-in temporary leguminous pastures (1995)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 41 (1995), S. 33-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: cultivation ; dicyandiamide ; leaching ; mineralization ; nitrate ; nitrification inhibitor ; pasture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of a nitrification inhibitor on the accumulation of ammonium (NH 4 + -N) and nitrate (NO 3 - -N) in the profile was investigated in two field experiments in Canterbury, New Zealand after the ploughing of a 4-year old ryegrass/white clover pasture in early (March) and late autumn (May). Nitrate leaching over the winter, and yield and N uptake of a following wheat crop were also assessed. The accumulation of N in the soil profile by the start of winter was greater in the March fallow (76–140 kg N ha−1) than in the May fallow treatment (36–49 kg N ha−1). The nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) did not affect the extent of net N mineralization, but it inhibited nitrification when applied to pasture before ploughing, especially at its depth of incorporation (100–200 mm). Nitrification inhibition in spring was greater when DCD was applied in May rather than in March due to its reduced degradation over the winter. Cumulative nitrate leaching losses were substantial from the March fallow treatment in both years (about 100 kg N ha−1). A delay in the cultivation of pasture and the application of DCD both reduced nitrate leaching losses. When leaching occurred early in the winter (in 1991), losses were less when pasture was cultivated in May (2 kg N ha−1) than when DCD was applied to pasture cultivated in March (68 kg N ha−1). When leaching occurred late in the winter (in 1992), similar losses were measured from pasture cultivated in May (49 kg N ha−1) and from DCD-treated pasture cultivated in March (57 kg N ha−1). Grain harvest yield and N uptake of the following spring wheat crop were generally unaffected by the size of the N leaching loss over the winter. This was due to the high N fertility of the soil after four years of a grazed leguminous pasture.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00749518
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen mineralization, nitrate leaching and crop growth following cultivation of a temporary leguminous pasture in autumn and winter (1992)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 33 (1992), S. 59-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Cultivation ; leaching ; mineralization ; mixed cropping ; nitrate ; nitrogen ; pasture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of timing and method of cultivation of a 3-year old ryegrass/white clover pasture on subsequent N mineralization, NO 3 - -N leaching, and growth and N uptake of a wheat crop in the following season. The size of various N pools and decomposition of14C-labelled ryegrass material were also investigated. Cultivation method (mouldboard or chisel ploughing) generally had no significant effect on the accumulation of mineral N in the profile in the autumn or on the amount of NO 3 - -N leached over winter.14C measurements suggested that initial decomposition rate of plant material was faster from May than March cultivation treatments. Despite this, overall net mineralization of organic N (of soil plus plant origin) increased with increasing fallow period between cultivation and leaching. The total amounts of mineral N accumulated in the soil profile before the start of leaching were 139, 119 and 22 kg N ha−1 for the March, May and July cultivated soils respectively. Cumulative leaching losses over the trial calculated from soil solution samples were 78, 40 and 5 kg N ha−1 for the March, May and July cultivated soils respectively. Differences in N mineralization over the season were generally not reflected by changes in amounts of potentially-mineralizable soil N (as measured by extraction or laboratory incubation) or levels of microbial biomass during the season. The amount of mineral N in the profile in spring increased with decreasing fallow period. This was reflected in an approximately 15% and 25% greater grain yield and N uptake respectively by the following wheat crop in plots cultivated in July rather than in March.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01058010
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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