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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (9)
  • Glucose transporter  (2)
  • Macrocyst  (2)
  • Sorocarp  (2)
  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Glucose transporter ; embryogenesis ; hyperglycaemia ; rat embryo culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We investigated the expression of glucose transporter genes and protein in embryo and yolk sac during organogenesis and the regulation of glucose transporters during culture in hyperglycaemic media. Erythrocyte-type glucose transporter (GLUT 1) and brain-type glucose transporter (GLUT 3) mRNA were expressed in embryo and yolk sac. The expression of GLUT-1 and GLUT-3 mRNA was abundant on day 9–11 and day 9–10 in the embryo, respectively, and day 9–14 and day 10–11 in the yolk sac, respectively. The levels of GLUT-1 protein in the embryo increased in parallel with the expression of GLUT-1 mRNA during the corresponding period. Immunohistochemical staining of GLUT-1 protein was found principally in the neuroepithelial cells surrounding the neural tube in the embryo on day 10 and appeared in the microvessels surrounding the neural tube after day 12. To test whether the expression of glucose transporter genes and protein was suppressed during hyperglycaemia, conceptuses were cultured in high glucose medium. The abundant expression of GLUT-1 protein was not decreased during culture in high glucose media for 24 h (day 9–10) and was only down-regulated by prolonged exposure to this media for 48 h (day 9–11). We have demonstrated the predominant expression of the high affinity glucose transporter (GLUT 1 and GLUT 3) genes and (GLUT 1) protein in embryo during the early period of organogenesis. The persistently abundant expression of glucose transporter during the critical period of neural tube formation (day 9–10) even in the presence of hyperglycaemia may explain one of the mechanisms of increased glucose flux into the neuroepithelium, which may lead to neural tube defects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-5233
    Keywords: Embryogenesis ; Glucose transporter ; Growth retardation ; Hypoglycemia ; Neural tube defect ; Rat embryo culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We investigated the glucose transporter gene and protein expression during early organogenesis in the rat and in rat embryos cultured with hypoglycemic serum. Erythrocyte-type glucose transporter (GLUT-1) mRNA was expressed at a high level in embryos; peak levels were reached at days 10.5–11.5 and decreased as gestational age increased. In contrast, the insulin regulaable glucose transporter (GLUT-4) mRNA was not detected. The levels of GLUT-1 protein determined by Western blot analysis increased in parallel with expression of the glucose transporter (GLUT-1) gene and peak levels were observed on days 10.5 and 11.5, which correspond to the main periods of neural tube formation. Immunohistochemical staining of the embryo on day 10.5 showed that GLUT-1 protein was abundantly located in the tissue of neural tube. When embryos were cultured from day 9.5 to day 10.5 with insulin-induced hypoglycemic serum containing 2–3 mM glucose an increased frequency of anterior neural tube defects was observed in association with a significant reduction of the glycolytic flux. Increased levels of GLUT-1 mRNA and protein were not observed during the culture with hypoglycemic serum compared with the levels in embryos cultured in normal serum. Addition of insulin to normal serum (500 μU/ml) did not affect the GLUT-1 mRNA and protein levels. GLUT-1 mRNA and protein are strongly expressed in the embryo during early organogenesis, especially in the tissues of the neural tube, and the expression of the glucose transporter did not increase in response to prolonged glycopenia. This may account for the vulnerability of embryogenesis to hypoglycemia during these critical developmental periods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Dictyostelium mucoroides ; Cellular slime mold ; Cytoplasmic pH ; Ethylene ; Cyclic AMP ; Sexual development ; Macrocyst ; Sorocarp
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Dictyostelium mucoroides-7 (Dm 7) and a mutant MF 1 derived from it exhibit two developmental pathways: sorocarp formation occurs during the asexual process, and macrocyst formation during the sexual cycle. The two developmental pathways are mainly regulated by two chemical substances: 3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and ethylene. Recently, we have demonstrated that cytoplasmic pH (pHi) has a critical role for the choice of developmental pathways, higher pHi being favourable to macrocyst formation. Thereupon, attention was riveted to the relation of pHi to biosynthesis of cAMP and ethylene. Effect of pHi on the production and release of ethylene, a potent inducer of macrocyst formation, was examined, using the two facing culture method. The result showed that lowered pHi inhibits ethylene production, thus resulting in a failure of cells to form macrocysts. The accumulation of cAMP, an inhibitor of macrocyst formation, was found to vary depending on extracellular pH (pHo), but diethylstilbestrol (DES) that is a proton pump inhibitor and also an inhibitor of macrocyst formation had no significant effect on the accumulation. Taken together these results indicate that higher pHi may induce macrocyst formation through enhancement of ethylene production rather than inhibition of cAMP synthesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Protoplasma 167 (1992), S. 159-168 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Dictyostelium mucoroides ; Ethylene ; Sexual development ; Macrocyst ; Sorocarp
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The cellular slime moldDictyostelium mucoroides-7 (Dm 7) and its mutant (MF 1) exhibit sexual or asexual development depending upon culture conditions. During the sexual cycle macrocyst formation occurs, whereas sorocarps containing spores and stalk cells are asexually formed. As previously reported, the macrocyst formation is marked by the emergence of true zygotes, and is induced by a potent plant hormone, ethylene. The concentration of ethylene required for macrocyst induction was determined to establish the similarity of ethylene action between this organism and higher plants. Macrocysts are induced by low (1 μl/l) exogenous concentrations of ethylene. Higher concentrations (10–1,000 ul/l) also gave essentially the same inductive activity. Ethionine, an analogue of methionine, was found to inhibit zygote formation during sexual development through its interference with ethylene production by Dm 7 and MF 1 cells. In fact, the inhibitory effect of ethionine was mostly nullified by the application of ethylene, S-adenosyl-L-methionine, or 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid. Taken together these results suggest that both the effective concentration of ethylene and the pathway of ethylene biosynthesis inD. mucoroides may be similar to those in higher plants. Ethylene was also found to be produced in various species and strains of cellular slime molds, even during the asexual process. The possible functions of ethylene in the asexual development are discussed in relation to cell aggregation and differentiation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 33 (1987), S. 1823-1828 
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 27 (1988), S. 1917-1925 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Adiabatic differential scanning microcalorimetry, which provides curves of the heat capacity vs temperature, was carried out for the DNA of plasmid pJL3-TB5 (5277 base pairs in length). The calorimetry curve shows nine peaks ranging from 81 to 96°C in 1 × SSC buffer at a heating rate of 0.25°C, due to the stepwise helix-coil transition of the DNA along the molecular chain. The theoretical melting curve, which can be constructed by calculation from the entire nucleotide sequence of the plasmid DNA by the helix-coil transition theory, is then compared with the calorimetry curve. The two curves resemble each other remarkably well, particularly when a parameter for the methylated adenine residues at GATC sites by Dam methylase is used appropriately. This allows us to assign each peak in the calorimetry curve to the melting of the respective regions of the plasmid DNA sequence. The local stability of the helix-coil transition along the DNA chain is closely related to the functional regions coded by pJL3-TB5, such as genes, transcriptional promoters, and particular sites generated by recombination of two different sequences in vivo and in vitro.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 24 (1986), S. 121-131 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The precise pressure dependence of apparent diffusion and permeation coefficients was measured by using a microcomputer system for collecting and treating permeation data for CO2 in glassy poly(ethylene terephthalate) below 1 atm between 15 and 40°C. The partial immobilization model was used to determine the dual-mode sorption and mobility parameters. The curves calculated with these parameters were in excellent agreement with experimental data. These parameters were also compared with sorption parameters obtained from measurements at 30°C. There was a small difference between the values of the parameters obtained from these permeation data and those from sorption data which we had previously obtained. Relations between this difference and the method of determination of the parameters are discussed.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 25 (1987), S. 957-980 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The addition of tricresyl phosphate, N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine, and 4,4′-dichlorodiphenyl sulfone to polysulfone causes changes in thermal and mechanical properties of the glassy mixtures associated with antiplasticization, i.e., reduction in glass transition temperature and increase in stiffness. These changes are also found to be accompanied by reductions in sorption of carbon dioxide and the permeability coefficients for helium, carbon dioxide, and methane at low diluent concentrations with reversal of these trends at higher levels as also occurs for the mechanical properties. Detailed analyses of data for carbon dioxide are given in terms of the dual sorption and mobility models often used for glassy polymers. The mobility for gas transport was found to decrease with diluent addition. The major cause for the decreased sorption is the reduction in glass transition temperature accompanying addition of the diluents. The changes in transport behavior approximately parallel the changes in mechanical behavior. These trends are not even qualitatively correlated with estimates of the excess volume changes associated with addition of the diluents to polysulfone.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 25 (1987), S. 981-1003 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The propensity for various diluents to cause antiplasticization of poly(phenylene oxide) was examined and compared with similar responses for polysufone. Of the diluents used, none resulted in significant stiffening of poly(phenylene oxide) at 35°C relative to what was observed for polysulfone in an earlier paper. However, these diluents did cause substantial reduction in gas sorption levels and permeability coefficients. The latter is consequently a more sensitive indicator of changes in molecular motions of glassy polymers caused by diluents. The permeability response of adding low molecular weight diluents is compared with that of adding a high molecular weight polymer, polystyrene, to poly(phenylene oxide). The data were analyzed and interpreted along lines used in the companion paper for polysulfone.
    Additional Material: 19 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 25 (1987), S. 1005-1016 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Previous papers have shown that antiplasticization of polysulfone and poly(phenylene oxide) by low molecular weight diluents is accompanied by substantial reductions in permeability to gases like helium, carbon dioxide, and methane because of reduced mobility in the glass. These effects are not explained even qualitatively by the extent of volume contraction on mixing for these mixtures. However, as shown here, a simple free volume treatment provides an excellent correlation of these effects. Free volume was computed from measured specific volume and an estimate of the volume at the absolute zero of temperature of the material from a group contribution method. Application of this approach to the mechanical stiffening associated with antiplasticization is suggested. The basis and limitations of this analysis are discussed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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