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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (8)
  • lysozyme  (2)
  • HIV-1 aspartic proteinase  (1)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of computer aided molecular design 14 (2000), S. 161-179 
    ISSN: 1573-4951
    Keywords: de novo design ; finite-difference Poisson–Boltzmann ; HIV-1 aspartic proteinase ; inhibitors of dimerization ; MCSS ; structure-based drug design
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Inhibition of dimerization to the active form of the HIV-1 aspartic proteinase (HIV-1 PR) may be a way to decrease the probability of escape mutations for this viral protein. The Multiple Copy Simultaneous Search (MCSS) methodology was used to generate functionality maps for the dimerization interface of HIV-1 PR. The positions of the MCSS minima of 19 organic fragments, once postprocessed to take into account solvation effects, are in good agreement with experimental data on peptides that bind to the interface. The MCSS minima combined with an approach for computational combinatorial ligand design yielded a set of modified HIV-1 PR C-terminal peptides that are similar to known nanomolar inhibitors of HIV-1 PR dimerization. A number of N-substituted 2,5-diketopiperazines are predicted to be potential dimerization inhibitors of HIV-1 PR.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The hinge-bending mode of hen egg white lysozyme is studied by a constrained minimization technique. Results with and without a bound inhibitor, tri-N-acetyl-glucosamine, are obtained. The frequency of the mode with the inhibitor is found to be 4.3 cm-1, in contrast to 3.0 cm-1 for the free enzyme. Also, the hinge-bending angle with the lowest energy is shifted 10° towards a more closed cleft in the bound species. The main contribution to these differences arise from interactions with the residues lining the cleft and those on the back side of it. Structural details that account for the energetics are presented. The method of calculation is somewhat different from a previous study [J. A. McCammon, B. R. Gelin, M. Karplus & P. G. Wolynes, (1976) Nature 262, 325-326] to reduce the likelihood of artifacts in the results.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 26 (1987), S. 137-168 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A procedure, CONGEN, for uniformly sampling the conformational spaceof short polypeptide segments in proteins has been implemented. Because thetime required for this sampling grows exponentially with the number of residues, parameters are introduced to limit the conformational space that has to be explored. This is done by the use of the empirical energy function ofCHARMM [B. R. Brooks, R. E. Bruccoleri, B. D. Olafson, D. J. States, S. Swaminathan and M. Karplus (1983) J. Comput. Chem. 4, 187-217] and truncating the search when conformations of grossly unfavorable energy are sampled. Tests are made to determine control parameters that optimize the search without excluding important configurations. When applied to known protein structures, the resulting procedure is generally capable of generating conformations where the lowest energy conformation matches the known structure within a rms deviation of 1 Å.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 29 (1990), S. 1847-1862 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: High-temperature molecular dynamics as a method for conformational search was explored on the antigen combining site of McPC 603, a phosphorylcholine binding immunoglobulin. Simulations at temperatures of 500, 800, and 1500 K were run for 111.5, 101.7, and 76.3 ps, respectively. The effectiveness of the search was assessed using a variety of methods. For the shorter hypervariable loops, molecular dynamics explored an appreciable fraction of the conformational space as evidenced by a comparison to a simple theoretical model of the size of the conformational space. However, for the longer loops and the antigen combining site as a whole, the simulation times were too short for a complete search. The simulations at 500 and 800 K both generated conformations that minimized to energies 200 kcal/mole lower than the crystal structure. However, the 1500 K simulation produced higher energy structures, even after minimization; in addition, this highest temperature run had many cis-trans peptide isomerizations. This suggests that 1500 K is too high a temperature for unconstrained conformational sampling. Comparison of the results of high temperature molecular dynamics with a direct conformational search method, [R. E. Bruccoleri & M. Karplus (1987) Biopolymers 26, 137-168]. showed that the two methods did not overlap much in conformational space. Simple geometric measures of the conformational space indicated that the direct method covered more space than molecular dynamics at the lower temperature, but not at 1500 K. The results suggest that high-temperature molecular dynamics can aid in conformational searches.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 20 (1981), S. 629-632 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The dynamic aspects of protein folding are described by a series of diffusion-collision steps involving structural units (microdomains) of various sizes that combine to form the protein in its native state. A method is introduced for obtaining the rate constants for the basic diffusion-collision step by use of Brownian dynamics. The method is applied to an investigation of the folding dynamics of two α-helices connected by a flexible (random-coil) polypeptide chain. The results of this full three-dimensional treatment are compared with simplified model calculations for the diffusion-collision step. Of particular interest are the nature of the collision dynamics and the role of the intervening peptide chain.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 5 (1989), S. 337-354 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: computer simulation ; fluctuations in proteins ; secondary structural dynamics ; lysozyme ; protein-substrate complex ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The relation between protein secondary structure and internal motions was examined by using molecular dynamics to calculate positional fluctuations of individual helix, β-sheet, and loop structural elements in free and substrate-bound hen egg-white lysozyme. The time development of the fluctuations revealed a general correspondence between structure and dynamics; the fluctuations of the helices and β-sheets converged within the 101 psec period of the simulation and were lower than average in magnitude, while the fluctuations of theloop regions were not converged and were mostly larger than average in magnitude. Notable exceptions to this pattern occurred in the substrate-bound simulation. A loop region (residues 101-107) of the active site cleft had significantly reduced motion due to interactions withthe substrate. Moreover, part of a loop and a 310 helix (residues of 67-88) not in contact with the substrate showeda marked increase in fluctuations. That these differences in dynamics of free and substrate-bound lysozyme did not result simply from sampling errors was established by an analysis of the variations in the fluctuationsof the two halves of the 101 psec simulation of free lysozyme. Concerted transitions of four to five mainchain φ and ψ angles between dihedral wells were shown to be responsible for large coordinate shifts in the loops. These transitions displaced six or fewer residues and took place eitherabruptly, in 1 psec or less, or with a diffusive character over 5-10 psec. Displacements of rigid secondary structures involved longer timescale motions in bound lysozyme; a 0.5 Å rms change in the position of a helix occurred over the 55 psec simulation period. This helix reorientation within the protein appears to be a response to substrate binding. There was little correlation between the solvent accessible surface areaand the dynamics of the different structural elements.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Proteins: Structure, Function, and Genetics 2 (1987), S. 236-259 
    ISSN: 0887-3585
    Keywords: atomic probability distributions of proteins ; anisotropy and anharmonicity of motions in proteins ; multiple occupancy of atomic positions in proteins ; molecular dynamics simulation ; lysozyme ; Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Positional probability density functions (pdf) for the atomic fluctuations are determined from a molecular dynamics simulation for hen egg-white lysozyme. Most atoms are found to have motions that are highly anisotropic but only slightly anharmonic. The largest deviations from harmonic motion are in the direction of the largest rms fluctuations in the local principal axis frame. Backbone atoms tend to be more nearly harmonic than sidechain atoms. The atoms with the largest anharmonicities tend to have pdfs with multiple peaks, each of which is close to harmonic. Several model pdfs are evaluated on the basis of how well they fit probability densities from the dynamics simulations when parameterized in terms of the moments of the distribution. Gram-Charlier and Edgeworth perturbation expansions, which have been successful in describing the motions of small molecules in crystals, are shown to be inadequate for the distributions found in the dynamics of proteins. Multipeaked distribution functions are found to be more appropriate.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 18 (1979), S. 825-854 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A model for the simulation of a solution of an alanine dipeptide in water is presented that combines a previous model for bulk water (ST2) with that used in conformational energy studies on small molecules and proteins. The results of a pilot molecular dynamics study indicate that the model leads to reasonable solvent-solute interactions. No evidence is found for substantial changes in the structure or dynamics of the dipeptide in solution as compared to in vacuo. Furthermore, at the elevated temperature examined, there appear to be no significant effects on the dynamics or intermolecular bonding of the water molecules in contact with the solute.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 18 (1979), S. 1421-1437 
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The basic equations for the elementary step in the diffusion-collision-coalescence model of protein folding are derived for the case of two radially diffusing spherical microdomains. Refinements and biological implications of the mechanism are considered; included are detailed discussions of the parameters of the model, the possibilities of rotational diffusion and surface diffusion in one or two dimensions, the nature of the microdomains, and the application of the model to protein unfolding.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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