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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 35 (1997), S. 1561-1573 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: glass transition ; isobaric ; isochoric ; polymer ; poly(carbonate) ; PVT behavior ; free volume theory ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Pressure-volume-temperature (PVT) studies were performed on a glass-forming polymer, poly(carbonate) (PC), under both isobaric and isochoric (constant volume) conditions. An isochoric glass transition was observed and the formation points were found to be consistent with those obtained isobarically. Although the isobaric and isochoric responses were, as expected, the same in the rubbery state, the glassy state values were found to be different and dependent upon the glass formation history. The isobaric data exhibited larger changes in going from the rubber to the glass, hence a “stronger” glass transition, than did the isochoric data. Inserting the experimental values for the thermal expansion coefficient α and isothermal compressibility β, into appropriate thermodynamic relations, measures of the strength of each transition are defined. Strength estimates based on literature values of α and β are compared to the experimental measures of the isochoric and isobaric transitions. In addition, both the isobaric and isochoric PVT results were analyzed in terms of the Fox and Flory free volume theory which assumes that the glass transition is an iso-free volume state. While the isobaric results were consistent with the Fox and Flory theory, the isochoric results were not consistent with the idea of an iso-free volume glass transition. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 1561-1573, 1997
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 588 (1990), S. 77-83 
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Single Crystal Investigation on AgF2For the first time single crystals of AgF2 (black, metalic bright) have been obtained by heating AgF2 powder under a mixture of HF and F2 in autoclaves at 400°C. It crystallizes orthorhombic in the space group Pbca - D2h15 (Nr. 61) - with a = 556.8(1), b = 583.1(1) and c = 510.1(1) pm; Z = 4.The Madelung Part of Lattice Energy, MAPLE, and the Effective Coordination Number, ECoN, via the Mean Fictive Ionic Radii, MEFIR, are calculated and discussed.
    Notes: Erstmals wurden schwarze, metallisch glänzende Einkristalle von AgF2 durch Erhitzen des mikrokristallinen AgF2 dargestellt (Monel-Autoklaven, T ≈ 400°C, HF/F2-Gemisch, 4 d). Die röntgenographische Untersuchung (a = 556,8(1); = 583,1(1); c = 510,1(1) pm; Z = 4; Parameter siehe Text) bestätigt die aus Neutronenbeugungsuntersuchung ermittelte Raumgruppe Pbca - D2h15 (Nr. 61) und ergibt Lageparameter, die mit den damals ermittelten Werten praktisch übereinstimmen. Der Madelunganteil der Gitterenergie, MAPLE, sowie Effektive Koordinationszahlen, ECoN, werden über Mittlere Fiktive Ionenradien, MEFIR, berechnet und diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0044-2313
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: 31P and 195Pt N.M.R. Investigations on Diplatinum (I) Complexes of the Type [Pt2(μ-SPR2)2L2] (L = PR3, PhP(OPh)2, P(OPh)3, CNR)31P-, 195Pt-chemical shifts and 195Pt-31P- resp. 31P-31P-coupling constants of a series of doubly bridged diplatinum(I) complexes are reported. 31P-coordination chemical shifts of the terminal ligands of complexes of type [Pt2(μ-SPR2)2(P′R3′)2] and some of the various coupling constants are strongly influenced by the π-acceptor strength of these ligands. J(195Pt-195Pt) is found to change the sign among the series of complexes investigated. Thermal singlett triplet exitation giving rise to the paramagnetism of these complexes observed by preliminary EPR-measurements and confirmed by EHT-calculations is deduced from the large values of 2J(P-P′) and 3J(P′P′) as well as the unusually high temperature dependence of some coupling constants and other NMR features. The chemical stability of the doubly bridged core, the coordination shifts of the bridging phosphorus atoms and EHT-calculations suggest a view of aromaticity of the [Pt2(μ-SPR2)2](M-M) unit of these complexes.
    Notes: Es werden 31P-, 195Pt-chemische Verschiebungen und 195Pt31P-Kopplungskonstanten einer Reihe von doppelt verbrückten Diplatin(I)-Komplexen mitgeteilt. 31P-koordinationschemische Verschiebungen der ternären Liganden von Komplexen des Typs [Pt2(μ-SPR2)2(P′R3′)2] und verschiedene Kopplungskonstanten werden stark von der π-Akzeptor-Stärke dieser Liganden beeinflußt. J(195P-195Pt) wird innerhalb der Reihe der untersuchten Komplexe mit wechselndem Vorzeichen gefunden. Aus den großen Werten von 2J(Pt-P′) und 3J(P′P′) sowie der ungewöhnlich starken Temperaturabhängigkeit einiger Kopplungskonstanten und anderen NMR-Eigenschaften wird auf Paramagnetismus dieser Komplexe aufgrund thermischer Singlett-Triplett-Anregung geschlossen, der in vorläufigen EPR-Messungen gefunden und durch EHT-Rechnungen gestützt wird. Die chemische Stabilität des doppelt verbrückten Kerns, die koordinationschemischen Verschiebungen der Brückenphosphoratome und EHT-Rechnungen weisen auf Aromatizität der [Pt2(μ-SPR2)2](M-M)-Einheit dieser Komplexe hin.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of legal medicine 109 (1996), S. 147-149 
    ISSN: 1437-1596
    Keywords: Gunshot wounds ; Momentum ; Physics ; Wound ballistics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Notes: Abstract Shooting incidents are often portrayed as resulting in a sometimes violent backwards displacement of the victim. This opinion is also not infrequently held by expert witnesses. The physical force responsible for this would be momentum (mass x velocity). The physics of momentum in ballistic injury is explained in detail. The maximum momentum transferred from different small arms projectiles including large calibre rifles and a 12-gauge shotgun only results in a backwards motion of a 80 kg target body of 0.01–0.18 m/s, which is negligible compared to the velocity of a pedestrian (1–2 m/s). Furthermore, counterbalance is constantly maintained by neurophysiological reflexes. So the effect of the momentum transferred from the missile is virtually zero and there is no backwards motion of the person shot. Empirical evidence verifying these calculations can be obtained from hunting big game, from human gunshot victims and from a video documentary demonstrating the lack of any backwards motion of a person wearing body armour after hits from a centre fire rifle. So the alleged backwards hurling of a person shot is nothing but a myth which should be refuted not only because it is incorrect but also because it can result in miscarriages of justice.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 109 (1976), S. 2243-2258 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: o-Wurster Radical Cations and AnionsSeveral ring-substituted 1,2-phenylenediamines (2, 4, 16, 17, 18) as well as their dihydrochlorides may be oxidized electrolytically or by lead dioxide to stable paramagnetic intermediates. Based on the e.s.r. spectra it is concluded that these radicals are cations of the o-Wurster type (G). Their diamagnetic reaction products were found to be azo compounds and phenazines. -In the reaction of the phenylenediamines with diphenylthallium hydroxide in the presence of air oxygen the corresponding radical anions (E) are formed. These paramagnetic complexes exhibit a large thallium coupling and are probably ion pairs. The spin density distributed in the phenylenediamine radical cations and anions shows only small differences. N,N,N′,N′-Tetramethyl-1,2-phenylenediamines could not be oxidized under the conditions used. However, N-phosphoranylidene-1,2-phenylenediamines (25-27) form stable paramagnetic products after oxidation. These species are radical cations of the Wurster type, too.
    Notes: Verschiedene ringsubstituierte 1,2-Phenylendiamine (2, 4, 16, 17, 18) als auch ihre Dihydrochloride lassen sich elektrolytisch oder durch Einwirkung von Bleidioxid zu stabilen paramagnetischen Zwischenprodukten oxidieren. Aufgrund ihrer ESR-Spektren wird nachgewiesen, daß es sich um Radikalkationen vom Typ der o-Wursterschen Salze (G) handelt. Als diamagnetische Folgeprodukte der neuen Radikale konnten Azoverbindungen und Phenazine isoliert werden. - Durch Umsetzung der Phenylendiamine mit Diphenylthalliumhydroxid in Gegenwart von Luftsauerstoff entstehen die entsprechenden Radikalanionen (E). Bei diesen paramagnetischen Komplexen, die eine große Tl-Kopplung zeigen, dürfte es sich um Ionenpaare handeln. Die Spindichteverteilung in den Phenylendiamin-Radikalkationen und -anionen ist sehr ähnlich. -N,N,N′,N′-Tetramethyl-1,2-phenylendiamine lassen sich unter unseren Bedingungen nicht oxidieren. Dagegen ergeben N-Phosphoranyliden-1,2-phenylendiamine (25-27) stabile paramagnetische Oxidationsprodukte. Auch bei diesen Verbindungen handelt es sich um Radikalkationen und somit um substituierte o-Wurstersche Salze.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 219 (1934), S. 341-347 
    ISSN: 0863-1786
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In Übereinstimmung mit der BILTZ'schen Regel, die Beständigkeit von Ammoniakaten betreffend, wurde die Unbeständigkeit der löslichen Natriumchlorid- und Natriumcyanid- Solvate im Gegensatz zu der größeren Beständigkeit der unter den üblichen Bedingungen erhaltenen unlöslichen Calciumchlorid- und Calciumcyanid-Solvate festgestellt.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 10 (1895), S. 181-184 
    ISSN: 0863-1778
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 124 (1922), S. 140-142 
    ISSN: 0863-1786
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 36 (1998), S. 2019-2024 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: divinylbenzene ; porous copolymer ; excess adsorption isotherm ; active centers ; adsorption azeotropic point ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The adsorptive properties of four porous copolymers were investigated. They contained different functional groups in the internal structure. Adsorption measurements were made using the static method. Three two-component and one three-component solutions with different physicochemical properties were used. The adsorptive centers of the copolymers were evaluated based on the analysis of excess adsorption isotherms of the polar solution component. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 36: 2019-2024, 1998
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 36 (1998), S. 2499-2511 
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: heat capacity ; poly(trimethylene terephthalate) ; entropy ; enthalpy ; free enthalpy ; heats of transition ; glass transition ; melting ; crystallinity ; rigid-amorphous fraction ; Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The heat capacity of poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT) has been measured using adiabatic calorimetry, standard differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry (TMDSC). The heat capacities of the solid and liquid states of semicrystalline PTT are reported from 5 to 570 K. The semicrystalline PTT has a glass transition temperature of 331 K. Between 340 and 480 K, PTT can show exothermic ordering depending on the prior degree of crystallization. The melting endotherm of semicrystalline samples occurs between 480 and 505 K, with a typical onset temperature of 489 K (216°C). The heat of fusion of the semicrystalline samples is about 15 kJ mol-1. For 100% crystalline PTT the heat of fusion is estimated to be 30 ± 2 kJ mol-1. The heat capacity of solid PTT is linked to an approximate group vibrational spectrum and the Tarasov equation is used to estimate the heat capacity contribution due to skeletal vibrations (θ1 = 550.5 K and θ2 = θ3 = 51 K, Nskeletal = 19). The calculated and experimental heat capacities agree to better than ±3% between 5 and 300 K. The experimental heat capacities of liquid PTT can be expressed by: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ C^L_p(exp) $\end{document} = 211.6 + 0.434 T J K-1 mol-1 and compare to ±0.5% with estimates from the ATHAS data bank using contributions of other polymers with the same constituent groups. The glass transition temperature of the completely amorphous polymer is estimated to be 310-315 K with a ΔCp of about 94 J K-1 mol-1. Knowing Cp of the solid, liquid, and the transition parameters, the thermodynamic functions enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs function were obtained. With these data one can compute for semicrystalline samples crystallinity changes with temperature, mobile amorphous fractions, and resolve the question of rigid-amorphous fractions.© 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J. Polym. Sci. B Polym. Phys. 36: 2499-2511, 1998
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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