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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Insulin resistance and mechanical dysfunction in hearts of Wistar rats with streptozotocin-induced non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (1993)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 36 (1993), S. 195-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Glucose intolerance ; insulin resistance ; insulin secretion ; cardiomyopathy ; non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The present study correlates the insulin resistance seen in the myocardium of rats with streptozotocin-induced non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus with insulin secretory defects, hyperglycaemia and disease duration. Two-day-old male Wistar rats were given a bolus injection of streptozotocin (0.09 mg/g body weight) which caused glucose intolerance when these animals reached adulthood. Although these rats developed a progressive resistance to the actions of insulin in the heart this did not correlate with the development of glucose intolerance. However, a correlation was seen with a shift in insulin secretory response from hyper- to hypo-secretion which developed between 6 and 14 months of age. Moreover, this shift in secretory pattern can be associated with the onset of a cardiac mechanical malfunction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00399949
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Signal transduction mechanism for the stimulation of the sarcolemmal Na+−Ca2+ exchanger by insulin (1994)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 135 (1994), S. 113-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: heart ; protein kinase ; phosphorylation ; sarcolemma ; Na+/Ca2+ exchange ; insulin ; diabetes ; cardiomyopathy ; G-protein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The signal transduction pathway for insulin-mediated activation of sarcolemmal Na+−Ca2+ exchange was examined. Insulin stimulated Na+−Ca2+ exchanger activity in a dose-dependent manner, with the EC50 being about 0.7 U/l. The insulin effect was blocked by the protein kinase inhibitor, staurosporine, indicating possible involvement of a protein kinase in insulin action. Also, the relationship between the insulin effect and activation of a G protein, was examined by testing the effects of 5′ guanylyl imidodiphosphate (Gpp(NH))p) on Na+−Ca2+ exchange in, the presence and absence of insulin. When exchanger activity was assayed at a calcium concentration of 40 μM, insulin alone had no effect whereas ATP and Gpp(NH)p increased exchanger activity. However, insulin responsiveness was restored in vesicles preloaded with either ATP or Gpp(NH)p, suggesting that insulin may act through a combination of G protein coupling and protein phosphorylation to enhance Na+−Ca2+ exchanger activity. We conclude that calcium overload in the diabetic heart may involve a defect in acute activation of the exchanger by insulin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00925967
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Is there a link between impaired glucose metabolism and protein kinase C activity in the diabetic heart? (1997)
    Springer
    Molecular and cellular biochemistry 176 (1997), S. 219-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4919
    Keywords: diabetes mellitus ; cardiomyopathy ; protein kinase C ; glucose metabolism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The activity of the β isoform of protein kinase C (PKCβ) is reduced in the diabetic heart. Since this isozyme has been implicated in insulin action, we tested the hypothesis that PKCβ contributes to the development of impaired glucose metabolism by the noninsulin-dependent diabetic heart. Exposure of the diabetic heart to buffer containing the protein kinase C activator, phorbol myristate acetate, increased PKCβ activity in the membrane. Associated with the improvement in PKCβ activity was a biphasic change in glucose metabolism. The initial phase was characterized by a breakdown in glycogen stores, a stimulation in glucose oxidation and a decrease in endogenous fatty acid oxidation. This was followed by a second phase in which the uptake of glucose was modestly stimulated. Nonetheless, since the phorbol ester did not overcome the diabetes-linked defect in pyruvate dehydrogenase, the increase in glycolytic flux was not associated with a rise in glucose oxidation. Consequently, nearly 50% of the triose units were diverted into lactate and pyruvate production and the generation of ATP from glucose was restricted. Since insulin promotes not only glucose uptake, but also glycogen synthesis and glucose oxidation, the phorbol ester and insulin effects are very different. Thus, the data do not support a role for PKCβ in the development of glucose metabolic defects in the hearts of noninsulin-dependent diabetic rats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006801128850
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    1-Aryl-1-heterosubstituierte λ5-Phosphorine durch Arylierung von λ3-Phosphorinen mit Aryldiazoniumsalzen in Gegenwart von Nucleophilen (1975)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 3271-3280 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Synthesis of 1-Aryl-1-hetero-substituted λ5-Phosphorins by Arylation of λ3-phosphorins with Aryldiazonium Salts in the Presence of Nucleophiles2,4,6-Trisubstituted λ3-phosphorins react in acetonitrile or dimethoxyethane with aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborates to give 1-aryl-1-fluoro-λ5-phosphorins 4 (Nu = F). In the presence of alcohols or phenols 1-alkyloxy (or 1-aryloxy)-1-aryl-λ5-phosphorins 4 (Nu = OR) are produced; in the presence of water 1,1′-oxybis(1-aryl-λ5-phosphorins) 10 are formed. The latter can also be transformed into 1-alkoxy(or 1-aryloxy-)-1-aryl-λ5-phosphorins 4 (Nu = OR) by nucleophilic displacement with alcohols or phenols. With alkanthiols in the presence of Lewis acids 1-alkylthio-1-aryl-λ5-phosphorins 11 (Nu = SR) are produced, which are inaccessible by the former method. The mechanism is discussed especially in connection with some unexpected products which were observed.
    Notes: Bei der Umsetzung von 2,4,6-trisubstituierten λ3-Phosphorinen mit Aryldiazonium-tetrafluoroboraten in Acetonitril oder Dimethoxyäthan entstehen 1-Aryl-1-fluor-λ5-phosphorine 4 (Nu = F). In Gegenwart von Alkoholen und Phenolen bilden sich 1-Alkoxy(bzw. 1-Aryloxy)-1-aryl-λ5-phosphorine 4 (Nu = OR), in Gegenwart von Wasser 1,1′-Oxybis(1-aryl-λ5-phosphorine) 10. Letztere können durch nucleophile Verdrängung mit Alkoholen oder Phenolen ebenfalls in 1-Alkoxy-(bzw. 1-Aryloxy)-1-aryl-λ5-phosphorine 4 (Nu = OR) übergeführt werden; mit Alkanthiolen in Gegenwart von Lewis-Säuren entstehen nach dem ersten Verfahren nicht zugängliche 1-Alkylthio-1-aryl-λ5-phosphorine 11 (Nu = SR). Der Mechanismus wird insbesondere im Zusammenhang mit einigen beobachteten, unerwarteten Reaktionsprodukten diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19751081017
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Arylierung von λ5-Phosphorinen mit Aryldiazoniumsalzen (1975)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 108 (1975), S. 3281-3285 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Arylation of λ5-Phosphorins with Aryldiazonium Saltsλ5-Phosphorin derivatives with a phenyl residue at C-4 are arylated by aryldiazonium salts in benzene/methanol in the 4-phenyl ring with elimination of nitrogen: even when the aryl-residue at C-4 is substituted by a phenolic hydroxyl group arylation with elimination of the hydroxyl group and not azo coupling occurs. 2,4,6-Tri-tert-butyl-1,1-diphenoxy-λ5-phosphorin, however, reacts with an aryldiazonium salt by electrophilic replacement of the tert-butyl group at C-4 to give the arylazo dye of the λ5-phosphorin (20).
    Notes: λ5-Phosphorin-Derivate, die einen Phenylrest an C-4 tragen, werden durch Aryldiazoniumsalze in Benzol/Methanol unter Abspaltung von Stickstoff im 4-Phenylring aryliert; selbst wenn dieser Phenylrest an C-4 durch eine phenolische Hydroxylgruppe substituiert ist, tritt Arylierung unter Verdrängung der Hydroxylgruppe und nicht Azokupplung ein. 2,4,6-Tri-tert-butyl-1,1-diphenoxy-λ5-phosphorin dagegen kuppelt mit einem Aryldiazoniumsalz im Sinne einer elektrophilen Substitution unter Verdrängen der tert-Butylgruppe an C-4 zu dem Arylazofarbstoff des λ5-Phosphorins (20).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19751081018
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bimolecular Formation of Radicals by H-Transfer, 6. Uncatalyzed Transfer Hydrogenation of a Benzhydryl Fluoride by 9,10-Dihydroanthracene (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 127 (1994), S. 557-563 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Hydrogen transfer ; Molecule-induced radical formation ; Reduction of C—F bond ; 1-Adamantylfluorodiphenylmethane ; Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: 1-Adamantylfluorodiphenylmethane (2) was reduced to 1-adamantyldiphenylmethane (3) when heated with 9,10-dihydroanthracene to 330°C. From the second-order kinetics, the activation parameters (ΔH
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19941270316
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermische Umlagerungen von 1-Allyloxy- und 1-Propargyloxy λ5-phosphorin-Derivaten (1981)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 114 (1981), S. 1752-1766 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Thermal Rearrangements of 1-Allyloxy- and 1-Propargyloxy-λ5-phosphorin DerivativesThe thermal rearrangements of 1-allyloxy-λ5-phosphorin derivatives 1 affords - contrary to the formally similar Claisen rearrangement of allyl phenyl ethers - in the irreversible step an “anti-Woodward-Hoffmann” [3s5s] allyl shift to 4-allyl-1,4-dihydro-λ5-phosphorin derivatives 2. - The reaction is, as cross experiments prove, intramolecular and stereospecific according to 1st order law. It is accelerated by electron donating substituents in position 4 and by electron attracting substituent at the phosphorus, but is not much solvent-dependant. In a next step, again with allyl-inversion, a [3s3s] Cope rearrangement follows to give 2-allyl-1,2-dihydro-λ5-phosphorin derivatives 3. At somewhat higher temperature, by an intramolecular [4 + 2]-cycloaddition from 3j a tricyclus 4 is formed. Besides the experiments with deuterium marked compounds, the X-ray analysis of 4 proves the uniform stereochemic way of all these rearrangements. Steric and electronic influences on some analogous rearrangements are studied, the mechanism is discussed.
    Notes: Die thermische Umlagerung von 1-Allyloxy-λ5-phosphorin-Derivaten 1, führt im Gegensatz zu der formal ähnlichen Claisen-Umlagerung von Allylphenylethern im irreversiblen Primärschritt in einer“ anti-Woodward-Hoffmann”-[3s5s]-Allylwanderung zu 4-Allyl-1,4-dihydro-λ5-phosphorin-Derivaten 2. -Die Reaktion verläuft, wie Kreuzungsexperimente beweisen, intramolekular und stereospezifisch nach einer Reaktion 1. Ordnung. Sie wird durch elektronenabgebende Substituenten in R4 und elektronenanziehende substituenten am Phosphor gefördert, ist jedoch wenig löungsmittelabhängig. Ihr folgt in einem irreversiblen Schritt unter erneuter Allyl-Umkehr eine [3s3s]-Cope-Umlagerung zu 2-Allyl-1,2-dihydro-λ5-Phosphorin-Derivaten 3. Bei etwas höherer Temperatur gehen diese eine intramolekulare [4 + 2]-Cycloaddition zum Tricyclus 4 ein. Dessen Röntgenstrukturanalyse sowie die eindeutigen Deuterierungsergebnisse sprechen für einen stereochemisch einheitlichen verlauf der Umlagerungen. Sterische und elektronische Einflüsse auf einige analoge Umlagerungen werden untersucht, der Mechanismus wird diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19811140515
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Eine neue Methode zur Entalkylierung am Stickstoff, I. Mitteil.: Alkylabspaltung bei N-Alkyl-carbonsäureamiden und -aniliden (1954)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 87 (1954), S. 1294-1300 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Beim Erhitzen von N-Alkyl-carbonsäureamiden oder -aniliden mit Pyridin-hydrochlorid auf 190-200° erfolgt, selbst bei höheren Alkyl-Resten, eine Abspaltung der Alkyl-Reste. Es wird der Einfluß der Art des Alkyl- sowie des Acyl-Restes auf das Ausmaß der Entalkylierungs-Reaktion untersucht. Die bekannte Alkylabspaltung beim Erhitzen der Aminhydrohalogenide kann durch Zugabe kationisch stark wirksamer Aminsalze bedeutend verbessert werden.
    Additional Material: 4 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.19540870916
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ueber das Phosphorsesquisulfid (1903)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 36 (1903), S. 870-877 
    Details
    ISSN: 0365-9496
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cber.190303601179
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