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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A physiological solvent for crystalline insulin (1981)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 20 (1981), S. 51-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; crystal ; dissolution ; bicarbonate ; pH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Insulin is insoluble in water at physiological pH, but dissolves relatively rapidly in plasma. To quantify the ability of various solutions to dissolve crystalline insulin, a simple assay measuring dissolution time was developed. At pH 7.5 and room temperature, distilled water, 0.154 mol/1 NaCl, Ringer's lactate solution, and 5% albumin in 0.154 mol/1 NaCl did not dissolve insulin crystals within 30 min. Normal postprandial human plasma and a proteinfree cell culture medium dissolved insulin crystals within 3 to 8 min. This ability was inhibited by acid titration of the fluids to a stable pH of 6.30, at which point bicarbonate depletion could be implied. Repletion of bicarbonate did restore the ability of these solutions to dissolve insulin crystals, but back-titration to the initial pH with NaOH did not. The effect of sodium bicarbonate alone was strongly concentration dependent above 23 mmol/1. We suggest that the ability of physiological fluids to dissolve insulin crystals at normal pH depends on their bicarbonate content. The ability to dissolve insulin with a physiological solvent which prevents its reaggregation promises to facilitate its use in portable pumping systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00253817
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A physiological solvent for crystalline insulin (1981)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 21 (1981), S. 51-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin ; crystal ; dissolution ; bicarbonate ; pH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Insulin is insoluble in water at physiological pH, but dissolves relatively rapidly in plasma. To quantify the ability of various solutions to dissolve crystalline insulin, a simple assay measuring dissolution time was developed. At pH 7.5 and room temperature, distilled water, 0.154 mol/l NaCl, Ringer's lactate solution, and 5% albumin in 0.154 mol/l NaCl did not dissolve insulin crystals within 30 min. Normal postprandial human plasma and a protein-free cell culture medium dissolved insulin crystals within 3 to 8 min. This ability was inhibited by acid titration of the fluids to a stable pH of 6.30, at which point bicarbonate depletion could be implied. Repletion of bicarbonate did restore the ability of these solutions to dissolve insulin crystals, but back-titration to the initial pH with NaOH did not. The effect of sodium bicarbonate alone was strongly concentration dependent above 23 mmol/l. We suggest that the ability of physiological fluids to dissolve insulin crystals at normal pH depends on their bicarbonate content. The ability to dissolve insulin with a physiological solvent which prevents its raggregation promises to facilitate its use in portable pumping systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01789114
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The lipopolysaccharide of the green sulfur bacterium Chlorobium vibrioforme f. thiosulfatophilum (1987)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 149 (1987), S. 125-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Chlorobiaceae ; Chlorobium vibrioforme ; Degraded polysaccharide ; DOC-PAGE ; Lipid A ; Lipopolysaccharide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The cell wall lipopolysaccharide of the green sulfur bacterium Chlorobium vibrioforme f. thiosulfatophilum was obtained by the phenol-chloroform-petroleum ether and the hot phenol-water methods, respectively. It contained mannose, glucose, galacturonic acid, glucosamine, glycine, and small amounts of rhamnose, galactose and glucuronic acid. In addition to d-glycero-d-mannoheptose, the corespecific constituents 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate and l-glycero-d-mannoheptose were found. Polyacrylamide gel-electrophoresis in the presence of sodium deoxycholate gave no indication for the presence of O-specific repeating units. Degradation of the lipopolysaccharide required 10% acetic acid (100° C, 2 h). The lipid A moiety contained the total of glucosamine of the lipopolysaccharide as well as small amounts of 2,3-diamino-2,3-dideoxy-glucose. It was phosphate-free. The fatty acid spectrum comprised 3-OH-14:0, 3-OH-16:0, and iso-3-OH-18:0 besides little 12:0, 14:0 and 16:0. Hydroxylaminolysis and sodium methylate treatment revealed all of the three hydroxy fatty acids to be amidebound.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00425077
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The lipopolysaccharide of the phototrophic bacterium Ectothiorhodospira vacuolata (1988)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 149 (1988), S. 245-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Ectothiorhodospira vacuotata ; Lipopolysaccharide ; Lipid A ; DOC-PAGE ; Phototrophic bacteria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The lipopolysaccharide of Ectothiorhodospira vacuolata was obtained by the phenol-water procedure. It contained a 3-O-methyl-hexose, glucose, galacturonic and glucuronic acids. The finding of d-glycero-d-mannoheptose and 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate (tentatively identified) suggested a core-structure. The lipid fraction of the lipopolysaccharide contained phosphate and both, 2,3-diamino-2,3-dideoxy-d-glucose and d-glucosamine. The major fatty acids were amine-bound 3-OH-10:0 and 3-OH-12:0 and esterbound 14:0 and 16:0 Sodium deoxycholate gel-electrophoresis, showing a single band only, indicated R-type character of the lipopolysaccharide of Ectothiorhodospira vacuolata.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00422012
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
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