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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Practical experience and issues in designing and performing population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic studies (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 49 (1996), S. 251-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Population pharmacokinetics ; Pharmacodynamics ; experimental design ; drug development ; clinical trials
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract An expert meeting to discuss issues relating to the design of population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) studies was held in Brussels in March 1995, under the auspices of the European Co-operation in Science and Technology (COST), Medicine (B1) programme. The purpose of the meeting was to discuss the experts' experience in designing and performing population PK/PD studies. The topics discussed were current practice, logistical issues, ensuring the accuracy of data, covariate assessment, communication, and protocol design. The main conclusions from the meeting were: 1) a population PK/PD analysis should be one of the objectives of a clinical trial and should not compromise the other objectives; 2) it is particularly important to communicate the purpose of the population PK/PD analysis to the investigators and to convince them of the importance of accurately recording dosing and sampling times; 3) some prior knowledge of the PK and PD models and covariate relationships is necessary for the analysis of sparse phase III data; 4) computer simulation and optimal design measures may be useful in defining sampling times; 5) population methods and objectives must be specified as completely as possible in the protocol. Participants: L. Aarons (UK), L. Balant (Switzerland), P. Bechtel (France), R. Bruno (France), P. Burtin (Switzerland), C. Dubruc (France), E. Fuseau (UK), J. Gabrielsson (Sweden), U. Gundert-Remy (Germany), R. Jochemsen (France), M. Karlsson (Sweden), C. Laveille (France), I. Meineke (Germany), F. Mentré (France), P. Morselli (France), G. Paintaud (France), A. Racine-Poon (Switzerland), J. Rodriguez (Spain), F. Rombout (The Netherlands), M. Rowland (UK), J.-L. Steimer (Switzerland), A. Van Peer (Belgium), S. Vozeh (Switzerland), W. Weber (Germany), B. Wittke (Switzerland) The views expressed by the participants do not necessarily reflect those of the organizations they represent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00226323
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Drug–drug interactions of new active substances: mibefradil example (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 55 (1999), S. 559-565 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Key words Mibefradil interactions ; Withdrawal ; Interaction studies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Introduction: Mibefradil was approved as a novel calcium antagonist in Switzerland in 1996. Following its launch as an antihypertensive and anti-anginal agent, there were reports about serious pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions occurring with other drugs frequently administered to patients with cardiovascular diseases. Despite appropriate modifications of the prescribing information, such interactions continued to occur. The drug was finally withdrawn after a study in patients with congestive heart failure showed a trend to higher mortality with mibefradil. This increase in mortality could again be due to multiple interactions between mibefradil and other drugs. In retrospect, it can be concluded that several of the interactions, including the theoretical risk of severe toxicity in some patients, could have been and in fact were predicted on the basis of the data available before introduction to the market. Depending on the benefits, these problems would however not necessarily represent an unacceptable risk for a new active compound. Results and conclusion: The most important points revealed by this analysis were: (1) when interpreting the results of interaction studies, it is important to consider not only the mean of the interaction effect but also the observed and the theoretically conceivable extreme effects in individual subjects and (2) a drug with a high interaction potential may represent a high risk even if an adequate warning is included in the product information. The need for specific pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction studies with new drugs and the limitations of the pivotal clinical efficacy and safety studies during phase III in order to reveal such interactions are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002280050673
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
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