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  • 1
    ISSN: 0930-9225
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Interleukin-1 ; Interleukin-6 ; negative Inotropie ; kontraktiler Apparat ; Key words Interleukin-1 ; Interleukin-6 ; negative inotropic effect ; contractile apparatus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Objective: Elevated levels of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) have been reported after cardiac operation, during inflammatory process and cardiac allograft rejection. Although several groups proved the evidence of a negative inotropic effect, the actual mechanism is not completely understood. Speaking generally it is possible that low molecular weight proteins are capable of altering myocardial contractility on the level of the contractile apparatus. Therefore this study analyzes whether IL-1 and/or IL-6 influence myocardial contractility on the level of the contractile apparatus.    Methods: During aorto-coronary bypass operation, human muscle fibers were excised (n=32) and skinned using Triton-X-100. The experimental skinned fiber model excludes membrane-related factors such as receptor activation and provides direct examination of the contractile apparatus itself. Different concentrations of IL-1 and IL-6 were applied (pIL-1/IL-6 1–2×10–5–10–11M). Force generation, calcium sensitivity, and velocity of force generation and relaxation were measured. (Experiments were carried out at optimal length, bath temperature 23°C, and isometric conditions.)    Results: None of the skinned muscle preparations of the human myocardium showed under the given experimental setup a significant change in contractility and relaxation after exposure to IL-1 and IL-6. Despite using nonphysiologic concentrations of IL-1 and IL-6 (pIL-1/IL-6 10–5M) no significant effect occurred. Furthermore no difference in calcium-sensitivity of the contractile proteins following addition of IL-1 and IL-6 could be observed.    Conclusions: Thus, there is no experimental evidence for direct modulation of the contractile apparatus by IL-1 or IL-6. Given these results it is possible to exclude some potentially negative inotropic cascades that are mediated on the level of the contractile apparatus as the molecular mechanism. These data show that therapies which support myocardial contractility during sepsis by stimulation of the contractile proteins do not seem to be very promising.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Einführung: Verschiedene Arbeitsgruppen konnten den Nachweis einer negativ inotropen Wirkung der Zytokine Interleukin-1 und Interleukin-6 erbringen, allerdings ohne den genauen Wirkungsmechanismus aufschlüsseln zu können. Da niedermolekulare Peptide prinzipiell in der Lage sind, das Kontraktionsverhalten von Herzmuskelfasern auf Ebene des kontraktilen Apparates zu modulieren, beschäftigt sich die hier vorgelegte Studie mit der Frage, ob Interleukin-1 und/oder Interleukin-6 eine Wirkung auf Ebene des kontraktilen Apparates entfalten können.    Methoden: Im Rahmen von Bypass-Operationen wurden menschliche Myokardpräparate gewonnen (n=32), deren Zellmembran mittels lipophiler Detergenzien (Triton-X-100) permeabilisiert wurde. Somit wurde der kontraktile Apparat bei gleichzeitiger Ausschaltung sämtlicher membranabhängiger Prozesse frei zugänglich. Es wurden die Auswirkungen unterschielich hoher Interleukin-1 und Interleukin-6 Konzentrationen (pIL 10–11–10–5) auf das Kontraktions- bzw. Relaxationsverhalten demembranisierter Herzmuskelfasern bestimmt. Gemessen wurde die isometrische Kraftentwicklung, die Zeitkonstante, als maßgebliche Zahl der Kontraktionskinetik, sowie die T/2-Relaxationszeit (Meßbedingungen: Vordehnung 2mN, 26°C Badtemperatur, isometrische Bedingungen).    Ergebnisse: Nach Analyse der isometrischen Kraftentwicklung konnte weder für Interleukin-1 noch für Interleukin-6 ein von initial durchgeführten Kontrollmessungen (ohne Interleukin-Zusatz) abweichendes Ergebnis festgestellt werden. Auch die Auswertung der kinetischen Versuchsparameter (Zeitkonstante/T/2-Relaxationszeit) konnte kein statistisch signifikantes Abweichen von zuvor durchgeführten Kontrollen aufdecken. Selbst die Verwendung extrem hoher Interleukin-Konzentrationen (pIL-1/pIL-6 1–2×10–5) konnte keine Wirkung auf das Kontraktions- bzw Relaxationsverhalten demembranisierter Herzmuskelfasern hervorrufen.    Schlussfolgerungen: Die Ergebnisse der Studie zeigen, dass Interleukin-1 und Interleukin-6 keine Wirkung auf die kontraktilen Proteine entfalten können. Dementsprechend können einige auf Ebene des kontraktilen Apparates potenziell negativ inotropen Reaktionskaskaden als Wirkungsmechanismen der Zytokine ausgeschlossen werden. Klinische Interventionen, die eine Verbesserung des Kontraktionsverhalten bei Sepsis etc. auf der Ebene des kontraktilen Apparates anstreben, scheinen nach den hier vorgestellten Daten wenig erfolgversprechend zu sein.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Insulin analogues ; albumin binding ; prolonged action ; basal insulin ; fatty acids ; tetradecanoic acid ; myristic acid ; lysineB29 ; acylation ; receptor affinity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have synthesized insulins acylated by fatty acids in the ε-amino group of LysB29. Soluble preparations can be made in the usual concentration of 600 nmol/ml (100 IU/ml) at neutral pH. The time for 50% disappearance after subcutaneous injection of the corresponding TyrA14(125I)-labelled insulins in pigs correlated with the affinity for binding to albumin (r=0.97), suggesting that the mechanism of prolonged disappearance is binding to albumin in subcutis. Most protracted was LysB29-tetradecanoyl des-(B30) insulin. The time for 50% disappearance was 14.3±2.2 h, significantly longer than that of Neutral Protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin, 10.5±4.3 h (p〈0.001), and with less inter-pig variation (p〈0.001). Intravenous bolus injections of LysB29-tetradecanoyl des-(B30) human insulin showed a protracted blood glucose lowering effect compared to that of human insulin. The relative affinity of LysB29-tetradecanoyl des-(B30) insulin to the insulin receptor is 46%. In a 24-h glucose clamp study in pigs the total glucose consumptions for LysB29-tetradecanoyl des-(B30) insulin and NPH were not significantly different (p=0.88), whereas the times when 50% of the total glucose had been infused were significantly different, 7.9±1.0 h and 6.2±1.3 h, respectively (p〈0.04). The glucose disposal curve caused by LysB29-tetradecanoyl des-(B30) insulin was more steady than that caused by NPH, without the pronounced peak at 3 h. Unlike the crystalline insulins, the soluble LysB29-tetradecanoyl des-(B30) insulin does not elicit invasion of macrophages at the site of injection. Thus, LysB29-tetradecanoyl des-(B30) insulin might be suitable for providing basal insulin in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Keywords Insulin analogues ; albumin binding ; prolonged action ; basal insulin ; fatty acids ; tetradecanoic acid ; myristic acid ; lysineB29 ; acylation ; receptor affinity.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have synthesized insulins acylated by fatty acids in the ɛ-amino group of LysB29. Soluble preparations can be made in the usual concentration of 600 nmol/ml (100 IU/ml) at neutral pH. The time for 50 % disappearance after subcutaneous injection of the corresponding TyrA14(125I)-labelled insulins in pigs correlated with the affinity for binding to albumin (r = 0.97), suggesting that the mechanism of prolonged disappearance is binding to albumin in subcutis. Most protracted was LysB29-tetradecanoyl des-(B30) insulin. The time for 50 % disappearance was 14.3 ± 2.2 h, significantly longer than that of Neutral Protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin, 10.5 ± 4.3 h (p 〈 0.001), and with less inter-pig variation (p 〈 0.001). Intravenous bolus injections of LysB29-tetradecanoyl des-(B30) human insulin showed a protracted blood glucose lowering effect compared to that of human insulin. The relative affinity of LysB29-tetradecanoyl des-(B30) insulin to the insulin receptor is 46 %. In a 24-h glucose clamp study in pigs the total glucose consumptions for LysB29-tetradecanoyl des-(B30) insulin and NPH were not significantly different (p = 0.88), whereas the times when 50 % of the total glucose had been infused were significantly different, 7.9 ± 1.0 h and 6.2 ± 1.3 h, respectively (p 〈 0.04). The glucose disposal curve caused by LysB29-tetradecanoyl des-(B30) insulin was more steady than that caused by NPH, without the pronounced peak at 3 h. Unlike the crystalline insulins, the soluble LysB29-tetradecanoyl des-(B30) insulin does not elicit invasion of macrophages at the site of injection. Thus, LysB29-tetradecanoyl des-(B30) insulin might be suitable for providing basal insulin in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. [Diabetologia (1996) 39: 281–288]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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