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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Can pregnant lizards adjust their offspring phenotypes to environmental conditions? (1999)
    Springer
    Oecologia 119 (1999), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Environmental maternal effects ; Prey availability ; Thermal biology ; Predation ; Reptile
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We exposed females of a highly placentotrophic viviparous scincid lizard (Pseudemoia pagenstecheri) to various environmental factors during pregnancy, and quantified the effects of these treatments on their offspring. The clear result was that the phenotypes of neonatal lizards can be substantially modified by the environment that their mother experiences during gestation. Restricting prey availability to the females reduced the size of their offspring. Limiting the females' basking opportunities delayed their seasonal timing of parturition, and modified body proportions (tail length relative to snout-vent length) of the neonates. More surprisingly, female lizards that were regularly exposed to the scent of sympatric lizard-eating snakes gave birth to offspring that were heavier, had unusually long tails relative to body length, and were highly sensitive to the odour of those snakes (as measured by tongue-flick responses). The neonates' antipredator responses were also modified by the experimental treatment to which their mother was exposed. The modifications in body mass, tail length and response to snake scent plausibly reduce the offspring's vulnerability to predatory snakes, and hence may constitute adaptive maternal manipulations of the neonatal phenotype.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050754
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Do incubation-induced changes in a lizard's phenotype influence its vulnerability to predators? (1999)
    Springer
    Oecologia 120 (1999), S. 9-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key words Phenotypic plasticity ; Predation ; Chemoreception ; Vulnerability ; Reptile
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Strong evidence affirms that incubation temperatures can influence the phenotype of hatchling reptiles, but few studies have examined the fitness consequences of such modifications. Vulnerability to predation is one plausible way that phenotypic shifts could affect an organism's fitness. We incubated the eggs of three sympatric lizard species at temperatures similar to the thermal extremes of natural nests, and measured several traits that are likely to influence a hatchling's susceptibility to a natural (snake) predator. We also examined the lizards' actual vulnerability to snake predators in direct encounters in the laboratory. Our results show that incubation temperature can affect an individual's date of hatching, morphology, locomotor performance, chemosensory responses to snake scent, and ability to avoid a snake predator during staged laboratory encounters. Incubation temperature did not modify the hatchling's `attractiveness' to snakes (as measured via chemical cues) or its antipredator tactics (propensity to escape predation through fleeing or caudal autotomy). The magnitude and direction of incubation- induced phenotypic shifts varied among the three species (even those with similar life histories, thermoregulatory preferences, and microhabitat requirements), and depended on body temperatures and hatchling age. We conclude that incubation-induced modifications to a lizard's phenotype affect a suite of traits that are likely to influence its vulnerability, and also its actual ability to escape from a predator. This result suggests that incubation regimes can influence organismal fitness via their effects on predator-prey interactions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050827
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scorpions, spiders and solpugids: predation and competition among distantly related taxa (1986)
    Springer
    Oecologia 71 (1986), S. 111-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Competition ; Predation ; Scorpions ; Spiders ; Solpugids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Scorpions, spiders and solpugids are generalist predators on the same types of arthropod prey. However, these potential competitors also frequently eat one another (=intraguild predation). In a 29 mo. experiment, 〉6,000 scorpions were removed from 300 (10x10m) quadrats. Significantly more spiders (but not solpugids) occurred in removal versus control quadrats. Two alternate hypotheses potentially explain this result: exploitation competition for jointly exploited prey or intraguild predation. There was no evidence of exploitation competition: no differences existed between removal and control quadrats in prey abundance or spider size and reproductive characteristics. It appears that the release from predation pressure in areas from which scorpions were removed produced the observed increase in spider abundance. Current ecological theory does not fully apply to situations whereby species at the same trophic level interact as both predators and potential competitors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00377328
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Psychological Distress and Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Jewish Adolescents Following a Brief Exposure to Concentration Camps (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of child and family studies 8 (1999), S. 71-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2843
    Keywords: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ; Mississippi Scale for PTSD ; Impact of Events Scale ; SCL-90-R ; Jewish adolescents ; Holocaust
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Psychology , Sociology
    Notes: Abstract We investigated the psychological impact of an organized visit to Polish concentration camps on Jewish-American adolescents. Eighty-seven adolescents who participated in a B'nai B'rith memorial visit to concentration camps in Poland completed measures of general psychological adjustment and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) at four time-points: pretest, posttest, 6-month follow-up and 12-month follow-up. Measures included the SCL-90-R, the Mississippi Scale for PTSD, and the Impact of Events Scale (IES) for PTSD. On the SCL-90-R, changes in somatization, interpersonal sensitivity, obsessive-compulsive tendencies, depression, anxiety, and phobic anxiety were observed over time, with peak symptom scores at posttest and 6-month follow-up. Scores on the Mississippi Scale for PTSD and the IES Intrusion subscale also increased at 6-months. Predictors of PTSD symptoms on the Mississippi Scale included previous psychiatric treatment and SCL-90-R symptoms of paranoia, depression, and psychosis. Elevated psychotic symptoms on the SCL-90-R predicted PTSD symptoms on the IES. Jewish adolescents with preexisting symptoms of generalized distress or psychoticism appeared at increased risk for PTSD symptoms following exposure to Holocaust stimuli. This study contributes a prospective, multi-measure assessment of trauma reactions in adolescents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022998611853
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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