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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of glutamate in the locus coeruleus during opioid withdrawal and effects of H-7, a protein kinase inhibitor, on the action of glutamate in rats (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of biomedical science 5 (1998), S. 45-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0127
    Keywords: Morphine ; Butorphanol ; Dependence, physical ; Glutamate ; Locus coeruleus ; Microdialysis ; Protein kinases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To investigate the role of glutamate in the locus coeruleus (LC) during opioid withdrawal, rats were continuously infused with morphine (a μ-opioid receptor agonist, 26 nmol/µl/h) or butorphanol (a μ/δ/κ-mixed opioid receptor agonist, 26 nmol/µl/h) intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) via osmotic minipumps for 3 days. A direct LC injection of glutamate (1 or 10 nmol/5 µl) or naloxone (an opioid receptor antagonist, 24 nmol/5 µl) induced withdrawal signs in morphine- or butorphanol-dependent animals. However, these agents failed to precipitate any withdrawal signs in saline-treated control animals. On the other hand, the expression of withdrawal signs precipitated by the administration of glutamate or naloxone in opioid-dependent animals was completely blocked by concomitant infusion with 1 or 10 nmol/µl/h of an inhibitor of adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase and protein kinase C, H-7 [1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine]. In animals that had been infused with opioids in the same manner, i.c.v. injection of naloxone (48 nmol/5 µl) precipitated withdrawal signs and increased extracellular fluid levels of glutamate in the LC of morphine- or butorphanol-dependent rats measured by in vivo microdialysis method. However, concomitant infusion with H-7 inhibited the increases of glutamate levels in the LC. These results strongly suggest that an expeditious release of glutamate in the LC region plays an important role in the expression of physical dependence on opioids. Furthermore, the action on glutamate release might be increased by the enhancement of cAMP-dependent protein kinase and/or protein kinase C activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02253355
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interactions betweenKalmia and black spruce: Isolation and identification of allelopathic compounds (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 407-421 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Allelopathy ; toxicity ; growth inhibition ; Kalmia angustifolia ; sheep laurel ; phenolic compounds ; black spruce
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Aqueous extracts of fresh leaves and organic soil of northern sheep laurel (Kalmia angustifolia var.angustifolia) were found to be inhibitory to the growth of black spruce (Picea mariana) germinants. Primary root growth of black spruce was more affected by the extracts than was shoot growth. The growth inhibition caused by the leaf extract was most pronounced under acidic conditions (pH 3–4). The aqueous extract ofKalmia leaves contained ferulic, vanillic, syringic, gentisic,m-coumaric,p-coumaric,o-hydroxyphenylacetic, andp-hydroxybenzoic acids as well as some other unknown compounds. These compounds were isolated from the aqueous extract ofKalmia leaves by ethyl acetate extraction and identified using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Bioassay indicated that the overall toxicity of the phenolic compounds to black spruce appeared to increase in the order ofo-hydroxyphenylacetic,p-hydroxybenzoic, vanillic,p-coumaric, gentisic, syringic, ferulic, andm-coumaric acids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02064447
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
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