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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 69 (1995), S. 671-676 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Key words Metalworking fluids ; Pulmonary irritation ; Mice ; Mixtures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Recently, the sensory and pulmonary irritating properties of ten metalworking fluids (MWF) were assessed using a mouse bioassay. Relative potency of the MWFs was estimated, but it was not possible to identify the component(s) responsible for the the respiratory irritation induced by each MWF. One of the ten fluids, MWF “E”, produced sensory and pulmonary irritation in mice, and it was of moderate potency in comparison to the other nine MWFs. MWF “E” had three major components: tall oil fatty acids (TOFA), sodium sulfonate (SA), and paraffinic oil (PO). In the present study, the sensory and pulmonary irritating properties of these individual components of MWF “E” were evaluated. Mixtures of the three components were also prepared and similarly evaluated. This analysis revealed that the sensory irritation from MWF “E” was largely due to TOFA, whereas SA produced the pulmonary irritation observed with MWF “E”. Both TOFA and SA were more potent irritants than was MWF “E”, and the potency of TOFA and/or SA was diminished through combination with PO. There was no evidence of synergism of the components when combined to form MWF “E”. This approach for identifying the biologically “active” component(s) in a mixture should be useful for other MWFs. Furthermore, the approach should be easily adapted for other applications involving concerns with mixtures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of toxicology 70 (1996), S. 195-201 
    ISSN: 1432-0738
    Keywords: Key words Respiratory effects ; Metalworking fluid ; Mouse bioassay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  A synthetic metalworking fluid, MWF “A”, and its major components were evaluated using a previously developed mouse bioassay. This fluid and its components evoked sensory (S) and pulmonary (P) irritation in mice. For MWF “A” and each of its components, a concentration-response relationship was developed on the basis of respiratory frequency (fR) responses. From such relationships, the concentration capable of evoking a 50% decrease in mean fR was determined for MWF “A” and each component (RD50). RD50S or RD50P was used to distinguish decreases in fR that were due to sensory irritation (S) from those due to pulmonary irritation (P). From RD50P values, it was concluded that the fatty acid alkanolamide condensates, tolutriazole, and triazine-type biocide components were similar in potency to one another and similar in potency to MWF “A”. By examining potency and fractional composition, it was concluded that the fatty acid alkanolamide condensates and the triazine-type biocide largely contributed to the irritancy of MWF “A”. From RD50P values, occupational exposure limits were proposed for MWF “A” and each of its components. The current Threshold Limit Value of 10 mg/m3 established by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists for “particulates not otherwise classified” (PNOC) would be inadequate to protect workers from the irritating properties of MWF “A” and most of its components.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 28 (1997), S. 124-130 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: A New Method of Determining Strength and Fracture Toughness of Thin FilmsA method is presented for measuring strength and fracture toughness of thin films. The basic idea of this method is to use a compact steel specimen as a substrate, which is deeply precracked by means of fatigue loading prior to the coating process. Under bend loading of this composite crack opening occurs accompanied by straining the free-standing thin film which bridges the crack. Film rupture firstly occurs at the front face of the specimen followed by crack growth on both sides. The film properties can be derived by eliminating the substrate effect through determining the difference between the two load-displacement curves corresponding to the intact and the damaged film, respectively. The strength of the film can be calculated from the load difference at film rupture at the front face of the composite. The fracture toughness is evaluated from load and compliance change during successive crack growth on both sides of the specimen. First results on PACVD TiN-films are presented and compared with available bulk data, thus demonstrating the applicability of the proposed method.
    Notes: Es wird eine Methode vorgestellt, mit der es möglich ist, Festigkeits- und Zähigkeitsparameter von dünnen Schichten auf relativ einfache Weise zu bestimmen. Dazu werden Stahlsubstratproben vor den Beschichtung mit einem langen Ermüdungsanriß versehen. Bei einer Biegebelastung derart präparierter Proben wird die Schicht im Bereich des sich öffnenden Anrisses gedehnt und schließlich zerrissen. In diesem sehr schmalen Bereich kann die Schicht als freistehend betrachtet werden. Die Schicht reißt zuerst an der Probenstirnseite, danach an den beiden Probenseiten. Aus der Differenz zweier Kraft-Weg-Messungen während und nach dem Schichtriß läßt sich der Schichteinfluß vom Substrateinfluß separieren. Aus der auf die Schicht wirkenden Kraft beim Schichtriß an der Stirnseite kann die Festigkeit der Schicht (Streckgrenze und Zugfestigkeit) bestimmt werden. Aus der kritischen Schichtkraft und der zugehörigen Nachgiebigkeitsänderung infolge Schichtriß an beiden Probenseiten ergibt sich die Bruchzähigkeit der Schicht. Erste Messungen und Ergebnisse an einer PACVD-TiN-Hartstoffschicht, die die prinzipielle Anwendbarkeit der Methode demonstrieren, werden vorgestellt.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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