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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bildgebende Diagnostik bei Verdacht auf entzündlich rheumatische Achsenskeletterkrankungen (Sakroiliitis) (1999)
    Springer
    Zeitschrift für Rheumatologie 58 (1999), S. 61-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 0340-1855
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Sakroiliitis ; Spondylarthropathie ; Magnetresonanztomographie ; Strahlenexposition ; Kosteneffektivität ; Key words Sacroiliitis ; Spondyloarthropathy ; magnetic resonance imaging ; radiation ; exposure ; cost effectiveness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Involvement of the sacroiliac joints is a hallmark of the spondyloarthropathies, especially in ankylosing spondylitis. The conventional diagnostic imaging of sacroiliitis in early stages might cause problems, because sensitivity of conventional radiographic methods is known to be too low in early stages of the disease. Magnetic resonance imaging of the sacroiliac joints certainly enables one to detect acute as well as chronic inflammatory changes in all stages of the disease. The potential disadvantages of this method are the dependency on the examiner, the lack of standardization, and the relatively high costs. Therefore, the „Workgroup of Diagnostic Imaging in Rheumatology of the Regional Center of Rheumatology of Berlin“ including experienced rheumatologists, skeletal radiologists, and orthopedists acquired an imaging graduation for detection of sacroiliitis in consideration of the clinical background, the technical details of the methods, questions of ionizing radiation exposure, and cost effectiveness.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die entzündliche Beteiligung der Sakroiliakalgelenke ist das Schlüsselsymptom der Spondylarthropathien, vor allem bei der ankylosierenden Spondylitis. Die konventionelle bildgebende Diagnostik der Sakroiliitis gilt in den Frühstadien als problematisch, da die Sensitivität konventioneller Röntgenaufnahmen hier sehr gering ist. Die Magnetresonanztomographie der Sakroiliakalgelenke ist in der Lage, sowohl akut entzündliche als auch chronische Veränderungen in allen Stadien zu erfassen. Mögliche Nachteile dieser Methode sind Untersucherabhängigkeit, bislang fehlende Standardisierung sowie die noch relativ hohen Kosten. Deshalb hat der „Arbeitskreis bildgebende Diagnostik in der Rheumatologie des Regionalen Rheumazentrums Berlin“, welcher sich aus erfahrenen Rheumatologen, Skelettradiologen und Orthopäden zusammensetzt, eine Übersicht der bildgebenden Diagnostik der Sakroiliitis erarbeitet, in welcher neben dem klinischen Hintergrund auch technische Details ausgeführt und Strahlenexposition und Kosteneffektivität berücksichtigt werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00007327
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oil well sand consolidation. I. Resins for a three-step processProd. No. 1575 (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 11 (1967), S. 1667-1682 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Oil-bearing formations often consist of loose sandy material. In the production of oil from these formations sand tends to be carried to the well bore along with the oil. The flow of sand can be prevented by consolidating or cementing together the sand particles of the formation around the well bore. The cementing has to be accomplished in such a manner that fluid flow channels between particles remain open. This paper describes a new three-step process that was developed to consolidate oil well sand. The steps in the process involve injection of: (1) resin, (2) inert fluid, and (3) inert fluid containing a catalyst. In the first step of the process, resin in injected into the formation where it fully saturates the interstices between sand grains. Permeability is established in the second step by displacement of the excess resin from the interstices, thereby leaving a thin film of resin on the sand grains. In the third step, polymerization is activated by migration of catalyst from the inert fluid into the thin resin film on the sand. The process has the advantage that resin is placed and permeability is established before the resin is catalyzed. This avoids premature polymerization of the resin which might cause plugging of the formation or the tubing string used to inject resin. Desirable characteristics of a resin for the three-step process are: (1) viscosity of 25-200 cp. at well bore temperature; (2) stability for several days at well bore temperature; (3) high adhesion to sand in the presence of an inert flushing fluid; (4) polymerization by less than 10% catalyst; (5) the polymerized resin binds sand together with a strong bond that is not affected by well fluids. Five different resin types have been tested for use in the three-step sand consolidation process. These are: (1) epoxy-anhydride cured with a tertiary amine; (2) epoxy-epoxy diluent cured with a primary-tertiary amine mixture; (3) furan; (4) unsaturated polyester-vinylpyrrolidone; (5) unsaturated polyester-styrene. The two epoxy resins give strong, permeable consolidated sand which is resistant to well fluids such as brine and crude oil. The furan resin gives a weak consolidation. The unsaturated polyester-vinylpyrrolidone gives good strength and oil resistance but is sensitive to brine. The unsaturated polyester-styrene is difficult to apply. Many oil wells have been successfully treated in the Gulf Coast area and in California with the two epoxy resins. Almost all of these wells are producing free of sand, and, to date, more than five million barrels of oil have been produced from these wells.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1967.070110907
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transient and steady-state water vapor permeation through polymer films (1975)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 13 (1975), S. 493-507 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Water vapor transport properties for the polymers Kapton HReference to a company or product name does not imply approval or recommendation of the product by the University of California or the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission to the exclusion of others that may be suitable. and Parylene C were determined over a temperature range of 20 to 55°C. Activation energies and entropies for permeation as well as partial molar free energies, heats, and entropies of dilution were calculated for water vapor concentrations ranging from 3 × 10-6 to 1 × 10-3 mole H2O per cm3 of polymer. Mylar A was tested to extend the available data for partial molar heats and entropies of dilution and to compare permeation and diffusion results with the corresponding values in the literature. Diffusion coefficients were measured using the time-lag technique of Barrer but employing a modified test apparatus. Equilibrium sorption isotherms at 30°C were obtained for Mylar A and Kapton H with a Cahn microbalance. The ratios of the permeability to diffusion coefficients as measured from time-lag experiments agreed with solubility coefficients within 3% for Mylar A and within 12% for Kapton H. Both polymers obeyed Henry's law. The results were interpreted in light of polymer polarity and morphology.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1975.180130304
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Monomers in polymer dispersions. III. Diffusion of monomers in poly(vinyl acetate) filmsPart II: see [2] (1991)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Polymerica 42 (1991), S. 601-604 
    Details
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Diffusionskoeffizienten von Monomeren (Vinylacetat, Styren) in Poly(vinylacetat)-Filmen wurden mit Hilfe der abgeschwächten Infrarot-Totalreflexions-Spektroskopie und gravimetrisch bestimmt. Die dabei erhaltenen Diffusionskoeffizienten sind nahezu identisch. Das wird als ein Hinweis darauf gewertet, daß die molekularen Vorgänge der Diffusion von kleinen Molekülen im Volumen und in Oberflächenschichten des Polymer in ähnlicher Weise verlaufen.
    Notes: The diffusion coefficients of monomers (vinyl acetate, styrene) within poly(vinyl acetate) films were measured by means of infrared attenuated total reflection spectroscopy and gravimetry. The diffusion coefficients obtained by the two methods are almost identical. This is interpreted as an indication that the molecular processes of diffusion of small molecules in bulk and in surface layer regions of the polymer take place in a similar manner.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/actp.1991.010421116
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ramanspektroskopische Charakterisierung der übermolekularen Struktur von Polyethylenen (1987)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Polymerica 38 (1987), S. 220-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The fractions of the supermolecular structure with respect to a three-phase model were estimated by Raman spectroscopic investigations on different polyethylenes. The temperature dependence of the structure parameters is discussed. The results are compared with crystallinity values from desity, infrared, WAXS and NMR measurements.
    Notes: Für verschiedene Polyethylene werden ramanspektroskopisch die Anteile der übermolekularen Struktur nach einem Dreiphasenmodell bestimmt, und deren Temperaturabhängigkeit wird diskutiert. Die Ergebnisse werden mit Kristalliniatätswerten aus Dichte-, Infraot-, Röntgenweitwinkel- und NMR-Messungen verglichen.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/actp.1987.010380403
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Detonation Properties of 1,3,5-Triamino-2,4,6-Trinitrobenzene when impacted by hypervelocity projectilesWork performed at the facilities of the U.S. Department of Energy/ Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under contract number W-7405-ENG-48, but sponsored and funded by the U.S. Army Balistic Missile Defense Advanced Technology Center at Huntsville, Alabama, under contract number MIPR-Z558, Amendment 1 (1982)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 7 (1982), S. 113-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 0721-3115
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: This investigation analyzes the reaction of an insensitive high explosive with binder to hypervelocity impact by four projectiles of two types: rod and plate. The insensitive high explosive is composed of 92.5% 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB) and 7.5% Kel-F 800 binder, a vinylidene fluoride-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer. In this paper, for simplicity, we refer to this composition as “TATB”.Of the the impacting projectiles, three are steel-rod assemblies ranging in weight from 32.6 g to 34.6 g, and are composed of a steel rod 8 mm in diameter and 19 mm in length, of which 9 mm protrudes from a Polyzelux plastic holder. The fourth is a tantalum-plate assembly, weighing 23.9 grams and composed of a tantalum plate 24.2 mm in diameter and 1.5 mm in thickness mounted on a Polyzelux holder. The tantalum-plate experiment provides a highly efficient diverging detonation profile as predicted by similar previous investigations with flyer plates and TATB. The steel-rod experiments are compared to the tantalum-plate experiment to determine if detonation has occurred with the steel-rod impacts.The projectiles are accelerated by a two-stage, light-gas gun to velocities in the range of 3.1 km/s to 6.5 km/s (10,171 ft/s to 21,325 ft/s) and have bracketed the detonation threshold of the impacted TATB target. Comparisons of the TATB reaction data to a computer modeling of the experiment show that at 3.06 km/s, the computer model correctly predicts no initiation of detonation; at 4.75 km/s, the computer model correctly predicts a partial detonation; and at 5.67 km/s and 6.53 km/s, both the computer analyses and the experiments give divergent detonations.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.19820070502
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