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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Industrial & engineering chemistry 47 (1955), S. 1170-1175 
    ISSN: 1520-5045
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 70 (1991), S. 4601-4616 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A study of the effects of laser radiation on cloud drops and of the possibility of producing a clear optical channel in a cloud is presented. In order to produce a model that is appropriate to a realistic cloud with a distribution of drop sizes it is first necessary to study what happens to a single water drop subjected to laser radiation of different intensities. Various heating regimes are mapped out as a function of laser flux and fluence at the 10.6 μm wavelength. It is found that typical cloud drops can superheat until they become unstable and explode from the center. For a long laser pulse the boundary for this to occur is found to be 50(5/r)2 kW/cm2, where r is the drop radius in microns. Using these results a model that is spatially one-dimensional through the cloud is constructed for a distribution of drop sizes. Laser beam intensity as the light penetrates a cloud is calculated from Mie scattering and absorption cross sections for a beam diameter that is small in the sense that light scattered once is assumed lost. The internal temperature distribution of the drops is calculated and a phenomenological drop explosion model is given for drops that reach the unstable 305 °C spinodal temperature at their center. Energy and water mass content are conserved as the cloud background is modified in an average sense by drop evaporation or recondensation. Recondensation is treated in the diffusion regime according to the Kohler model, with vapor pressure over a drop modified by surface tension and dissolved nonwater content. Comparison with experimental data for a laboratory produced cloud is given and good agreement, particularly with respect to the predicted onset of drop explosion, is found. Results are also presented for hypothetical cloud conditions and laser intensities. The possibility of clearing a thin cloud with low fluence to the 3.8 μm is considered, as well as the passive evaporation of melted ice crystal clouds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 4 (1992), S. 784-795 
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A fluid model is presented for the purpose of calculating numerically the structures of surface plasmas with neutrals returning from the surface, in collision-dominated parameter regimes. Limiting corrections to thermal conduction and viscous pressure are obtained through comparisons with previous Fokker–Planck transport calculations. The model includes removal by pumping, as well as by ionization, of some of the returning neutrals, and solutions are obtained for different relative strengths of pumping. Increasing velocities of plasma flow toward the surface and increasing plasma temperatures near the surface are seen with increased pumping. In the asymptotic region, far from the surface, agreement is found between these families of numerical model solutions and two classes of analytic solutions. Applications to other fundamental and applied problems are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 1 (1989), S. 1911-1925 
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Calculations are shown of the structure of plasmas in equilibrium with solid surfaces that reemit incident plasma ions as relatively cold neutral gas. A numerical transport model that includes a Fokker–Planck treatment of ion–ion collisions obtains the distribution function for ions in a phase space of one spatial coordinate and two velocities. This is done self-consistently with an electrostatic potential, a Maxwell–Boltzmann description of electrons, and electron impact ionization of the reemited neutrals. Solutions are obtained from a higher temperature kinetic regime where Coulomb collisions are nearly negligible to a lower temperature regime where plasma behavior is approximately fluidlike. A result of these calculations is the resolution of an ambiguity posed by previous kinetic regime calculations that omitted ion–ion collisions and obtained a family of solutions for each set of physical parameters [Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 650 (1982); Phys. Fluids B 1, 448 (1989)]. The physically correct solution for semi-infinite surface plasmas is shown to be the member of each family that maximizes the ion thermal conduction to the surface and the magnitude of a maximum in the electrostatic potential that is found in these and the previous calculations. Further results are in agreement at lower temperatures with solutions obtained from a fluid model and the identification of the correct boundary condition on normal flow velocity to be used in fluid models.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 28 (1985), S. 3676-3682 
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The linear stability of an ablating plasma is investigated as an eigenvalue problem by assuming the plasma to be at the stationary state. For various structures of the ablating plasma, the growth rate is found to be expressed well in the form γ=α(kg)1/2 −βkVa, where α=0.9, β(approximately-equal-to)3–4, and Va is the flow velocity across the ablation front, and is found to agree well with recent two-dimensional simulations in a classical transport regime. Short-wavelength lasers inducing enhanced mass ablation are suggested to be advantageous to stable implosion because of the ablative stabilization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 2 (1990), S. 353-370 
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The stationary flow model of spherical ablation is extended to shells, solutions with a density discontinuity at the critical surface, and charged-particle-beam-driven ablation. Parameter studies of the shell solutions show the relationship between shell aspect ratio, relative ablative mass removal or burnthrough, laser power, and shell material type. The discontinuous solutions are shown to occur when the critical surface and sonic surface coalesce. The relationship of these discontinuous solutions to particular physical situations is shown to be ambiguous in a way that must be resolved by microscopic transport calculations. Charged-particle-driven ablative implosion processes are shown to resemble laser-driven ablation. However, qualitatively different ablation processes occur in different regimes of the power and particle range of the incident beam. Procedures are described by which stationary solutions can be used to predict and interpret the results of experiments and numerical simulations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 1 (1989), S. 448-467 
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A numerical study is done of a plasma in contact with a solid surface that reemits some fraction of the incident plasma as neutral gas. The calculation uses a steady-state, kinetic treatment of the transport equations in one space dimension and one or two velocity dimensions to determine self-consistently the distribution functions of the interacting species and the electrostatic potential. The dominant phenomena are the ionization of the neutral gas and the acceleration of the resulting ions away from a potential maximum that is predicted to form in the ionization region. Other effects involved are a Debye sheath structure between the solid surface and the potential maximum, and collisional trapping and untrapping of electrons in the well represented by the potential maximum. Results are presented from a nondimensional model with a monatomic returning neutral species, and for diatomic molecular deuterium returning from the surface. For each set of physical parameters chosen, a one parameter family of solutions is obtained. A hypothesis is presented for the choice from this family of solutions that would be found experimentally.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 27 (1982), S. 229-252 
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Analytical chemistry 36 (1964), S. 2350-2350 
    ISSN: 1520-6882
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Agricultural Administration 20 (1985), S. 153-168 
    ISSN: 0309-586X
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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