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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interspecies comparison of cellular localization of the cyanide metabolizing enzyme rhodanese within olfactory mucosa (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 232 (1992), S. 620-627 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The observation of high levels of xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme activity in the olfactory mucosa has produced speculation on the functional significance of these enzymes in the nose. Hypothesized roles include protection of the nasal epithelium, lung, and other downstream tissues, and termination or modification of olfactory responses. The enzyme rhodanese metabolizes cyanide, which is a commonly inhaled toxicant and an odorant and therefore of interest to both toxicologists and olfactory neurobiologists. The cellular localization of this enzyme within the olfactory mucosa will have important consequences for its ability to protect specific cells, as well as its ability to alter the concentration of inhaled cyanide at receptors, and therefore could provide clues as to its function in this tissue. We have compared the distribution of this enzyme in two species, the rat and the cow, using immunohistochemical localization techniques employing species-specific polyclonal antisera raised in our laboratory. In the rat, rhodanese-like immunoreactivity was greatest within the apical portion of the sustentacular cells, the basal cells, and the duct cells of Bowman's glands. Very little to no reaction was observed in the acinar cells of Bowman's glands. In the cow, however, the acinar cells and duct cells of Bowman's glands showed intense immunoreactivity with little to no reaction observed in the sustentacular or basal cells. The differences in localization of rhodanese in these two species may have important implications for cell types at risk during inhalation of cyanide or organonitrile compounds metabolized to cyanide within the nasal mucosa. In addition, the difference in distribution in the two species emphasizes the importance of considering enzyme activity and localization in the determination of an appropriate animal model for study of both nasal toxicology and olfactory responsiveness in humans.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092320417
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative localization of carboxylesterase in F344 rat, Beagle dog, and human nasal tissue (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 239 (1994), S. 55-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Carboxylesterases ; Nasal metabolism ; Olfactory toxicity ; Xenobiotic metabolism ; Olfactory mucosa ; Respiratory mucosa ; Human ; Dog ; Rat ; Nasal toxicity ; Nose ; Comparative ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background. Carboxylesterases (CE) exhibit high activity in the nasal mucosae and produce acid metabolites toxic to the olfactory epithelium following exposures to inhaled esters. The regional distribution and activity of CE have been studied in rodents, but no comparative studies have examined regional localization or activity in dog or human nasal tisses.Methods. We determined the immunohistochemical distributions of CE in the nasal respiratory and olfactory mucosae of Beagle dogs, and the nasal respiratory mucosa of the human nose and compared these distributions to those in the F344 rat.Results. In the dog respiratory mucosa, the greatest CE immunoreactivity was in the subepithelial glands and surface epithelial cells. In the olfactory mucosa, immunoreactivity was observed in the apical portion of the sustentacular cells, and in duct cells and acinar cells of Bowman's glands. This distribution is similar to that found in rat, except the subepithelial glands of the rat respiratory mucosa showed little to no immunoreactive CE. The human respiratory mucosa showed immunostaining in surface epithelial cells as well as glandular cells. Immunostaining in the human tissue samples was dramatically reduced in the presence of hyperplastic lesions and virtually eliminated in samples with squamous metaplasia.Conclusions. The data indicate that the distribution of CE is very similar in healthy nasal mucosae across the three species studied. However, the loss of CE immunoreactivity correlated with nasal epithelial lesions in the human samples suggests enzymatic activity may be compromised by insults to nasal tissues. Further studies of CE activity in animals following nasal insult could improve the ability to predict human responses to inhaled esters. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092390107
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The development of the ovary of the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus L.)This investigation was supported by a research grant from the National Research Council of Canada. (1965)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 117 (1965), S. 425-466 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This investigation is a histological study of the development of the ovary of the sea lamprey from south-western Ontario, Canada. Development is described from the first appearance of primordial oögonia at the site of the ovary up to ovulation. After mitotic proliferation, oögonia enter meiotic prophase and become oöcytes which enlarge and acquire basophilic cytoplasm.During metamorphosis all oöcytes are at a uniform stage of development and no oögonia remain in the ovary.The follicular layer in the early adult produces nurse cells which are incorporated into the oöcyte and increase its mass of RNA-rich cytoplasm. As the oöcyte enlarges, proteid yolk platelets are laid down in the cytoplasm. Vacuolation of the nucleolus, indicative of protein synthesis, is extensive during period of rapid growth and yolk formation.Immediately prior to spawning there is an accumulation of fluid under the follicular layer and the oöcyte emerges through a mound of follicular cells.Atresia of oöcytes occurs throughout the adult stages and following spawning. It is characterized by an enzymic dissolution of the yolk followed by phagocytic invasion. The phagocytes arise from the follicle in the early adult stages and from an unidentified source in the spawning-phase adult.
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051170307
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coexistent diaphragmatic herniation and eventration: Embryologic rationale for therapeutic interventions (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Clinical Anatomy 7 (1994), S. 143-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 0897-3806
    Keywords: diaphragm ; herniation ; eventration ; hiatus hernia ; phrenic nerve ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Miscellaneous Medical
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Diaphragmatic herniation and eventration are distinct entities that may be congenital or acquired and rarely occur simultaneously. Safe patient care requires differentiation of the two processes. We present an adult patient with coexistent diaphragmatic herniation and eventration to demonstrate the embryologic basis of the two conditions, elucidate the diagnosis, and discuss safe therapeutic intervention. Herniation indicates a structural defect in an otherwise normal diaphragm. Eventration applies to defective muscular content or innervation in a structurally intact diaphragm. Normal diaphragmatic structure and development may be understood as the sum of four component parts: septum transversum, pleuroperitoneal membranes, dorsal mesentery, and striated muscle masses. A failure of myoblast migration and, therefore, neural innervation on the right can produce ipsilateral eventration and a hiatus hernia. During the course of laparotomy for an unrelated process such as acute calculous cholecystitis, hernia repair should be avoided so as to avoid injury to the normal contralateral phrenic nerve, the posterior branch of which being particularly vulnerable. By depriving the patient of innervation to the only functional hemidiaphragm, contralateral neural injury can result inacute respiratory paralysis and patient mortality. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.980070306
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A personal computer based implementation of the maximum-likelihood method of analysis of electron microscope autoradiographs (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 20 (1992), S. 73-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Electron microscopy ; Autoradiography ; Maximum-likelihood estimation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The maximum-likelihood (ML) method for the quantitative analysis of electron-microscopic autoradiographs has been shown to be substantially superior to the conventional crossfire (CF) method. It can generate reliable and accurate tracer concentration estimates with far fewer micrographs and produce valid estimates even at counts low enough to preclude the use of the crossfire method while eliminating the need for special ad hoc treatment of narrow membranous structures as well as the secondary verification of the tracer concentration estimates.Despite these significant advantages, the large computational requirements of the ML method has to date hampered its widespread use. In this paper, we present a new line-integration method that allows us to reduce the computational requirements of the ML method to a point where it becomes feasible to implement it on a small computer system of the type typically available to a laboratory user of EM autoradiography. We present the complete line-integration method for the particular case of EM autoradiography with tritium, and show how it can be adapted to other isotopes.We have constructed a software package that implements the complete maximum-likelihood method on the IBM PC class of machines using our line-integration method. Features of this software package which are of particular importance to the research community are device independence, which makes it usable with a large variety of currently available laboratory equipment, and easy portability of the software and data between different computer systems.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070200108
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phosphorylation of non-histone proteins in the regulation of chromosome structure and functionThis work was supported by grant GB-23921 from the U. S. National Science Foundation. (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Cellular Physiology 85 (1975), S. 459-475 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-9541
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Non-histone chromosomal proteins are phosphorylated and dephosphorylated within the intact nucleus by two independent sets of reactions, a protein kinase reaction which transfers the terminal phosphate group of a variety of nucleoside and deoxynucleoside triphosphates to serine and threonine residues in the proteins, and a phosphatase reaction which cleaves these phosphoserine and phosphothreonine bonds and releases inorganic phosphate. Several lines of evidence are consistent with the hypothesis that the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of these proteins is involved in gene control mechanisms, including the findings that phosphorylated non-histone proteins are highly heterogeneous and their phosphorylation patterns are tissue specific, changes in their phosphorylation correlate with changes in chromatin structure and gene activity, addition of phosphorylated non-histone proteins increases RNA synthesis in vitro, and phosphorylated non-histone proteins bind specifically to DNA.Cyclic AMP has both stimulatory and inhibitory properties on non-histone protein phosphorylation, depending on the enzyme fraction and substrate employed. A specific protein component whose phosphorylation is inhibited by cyclic AMP has been found to be associated with RNA polymerase. The cyclic AMP-induced decrease in the phosphorylation of this protein correlates with an enhancement of RNA synthesis in vitro. These results suggest that both phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of chromatin-associated proteins may be involved in the control of gene readout.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1040850412
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of 9.6-GHz pulsed microwaves on the orb web spinning ability of the cross spider (Araneus diadematus) (1986)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 7 (1986), S. 101-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwaves ; spider webs ; behavior ; 9.6-GHz pulsed radiation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Eight cross spiders (Araneus diadematus) were exposed overnight (16 h) during web-building activity to pulsed 9.6-GHz microwaves at average power densities of 10, 1, and 0.1 mW/cm2 (estimated SARs 40, 4, and 0.4 mW/g). Under these conditions, 9.6-GHz pulsed microwaves did not affect the web-spinning ability of the cross spider.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250070112
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alteration of circulating antibody response of mice exposed to 9-GHz pulsed microwaves (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 1 (1980), S. 397-404 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: antibody response ; microwaves ; immunology ; 9-GHz pulsed radiation ; infectivity ; mouse ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A significant increase was observed in the circulating antibody titers of mice exposed to 9-GHz pulsed microwaves at an average power density of 10 mW/ cm2, two hours per day for five days compared with sham-irradiated animals. The mice were previously immunized with type III pneumococcal polysaccharide. Following irradiation, a portion of the immunized animals were challenged with virulent Streptococcus pneumoniae, type III. Ten days after challenge, mortality was essentially the same in the two groups, but during the ten day period, there was a noticeable increase in the survival time of the irradiated animals compared with the sham-irradiated animals, suggesting that the increased circulating antibody response afforded some degree of temporary protection to the animals.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.2250010406
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Data acquisition system for maximum-likelihood analysis of electron microscopic autoradiographs (1987)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 7 (1987), S. 199-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Autoradiography ; Image processing ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: EMAMAP is a program for the data acquisition phase of maximum-likelihood analysis of electron microscope autoradiographs. This program is written in C and has been implemented on a Masscomp MC-500 which supports a graphics processor and a digitizing tablet. The image analysis is automated at a low level: the program operator outlines the edges of the structures of interest using the digitizing tablet, while contiguous regions formed by closed contours are automatically filled by the software. The resulting image is compressed for efficient storage by a quadtree encoding technique for which data compression ratios of greater than 25:1 have been achieved. In practical terms this implies that the data from a typical experiment of 50 autoradiographs could be stored on a single floppy disk. The system is currently in use for acquiring actual biological experimental data.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1060070309
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental method for the measurement of the elastic modulus of trabecular bone tissue (1989)
    Hoboken, NJ [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Orthopaedic Research 7 (1989), S. 456-461 
    Details
    ISSN: 0736-0266
    Keywords: Cancellous ; Bone ; Elastic ; Stiffness ; Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A procedure has been developed to measure the elastic modulus of small, irregularly shaped specimens without significantly disturbing the specimen's internal or surface structure. This procedure was developed to measure the average elastic modulus of isolated trabeculae from human cancellous bone tissue. The procedure combines direct testing of a cantilever beam-type specimen, along with finite element modeling of the specimen and the testing conditions. Initial estimates for the bone tissue material properties are input into the finite element model; differences between the calculated finite element displacement and the experimentally observed displacement allows the actual material modulus to be determined. Machined aluminum and cortical bone specimens were used to test the accuracy and repeatability of the procedure. Manipulations of the finite element models were performed to examine the effect that mesh construction errors might have on the accuracy of the results. None of the parameters examined resulted in changes in the measured finite element displacements of greater than 8%. In tests on six trabecular bone speciments, an average elastic modulus of 7.8 GPa was calculated. Even taking into account the possible sources of error, this value remains significantly less than the accepted value for cortical bone.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jor.1100070320
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