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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some morphological and ultrastructural changes in the ependyma of the amputation stump during early regeneration of the tail in the lizard, Anolis carolinensisSupported by grants from the American Cancer Society, the National Institutes of Health and the Multiple Sclerosis Society. (1973)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 140 (1973), S. 257-269 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Light and electron microscope studies indicate that the old ependyma just proximal to the plane of amputation in early lizard tail regenerates shows a sequence of morphological changes which suggests that it as well as the new ependyma growing into the regenerate may play an active role in the initiation and maintenance of early tail regeneration.The old ependyma close to the plane of amputation undergoes hypertrophy and/or hyperplasia causing a partial closure of the central canal and pseudostratification. Its nuclei shift from an original apical position to a basal one. The ependymal processes become more prominent and extend to the pia, a condition not found more rostrally. There is also a significant increase in the amount of Golgi substance and a moderate increase in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. These observations lead to the thought that these cellular changes may be an expression of enhanced secretion and other activities in the old and new ependyma just proximal or distal to the plane of amputation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051400302
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of hypophysectomies and thyroxine replacement upon the initiation of tail regeneration in the lizard, Anolis carolinensisSupported by grants to M. Singer from the American Cancer Society, the National Institutes of Health and the Multiple Sclerosis Society. (1972)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 137 (1972), S. 449-461 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: A histological evaluation of the effects of hypophysectomy and throxine therapy in young tail regenerates was carried out in the small iguanid lizard, Anolis c. carolinensis. Hypophysectomy caused a delay but did not inhibit blastema formation. The growth of the ependyma into the wound region was delayed in hypophysioprivic regenerates by about a week.Growth and differentiation of hypophysioprivic regenerates after blastema formation was variable, ranging from virtually no growth to the formation of a differentiated but very small protuberance. However, actual tail elongation was inhibited by hypophysectomy. In those hypophysioprivic regenerates that did show signs of differentiation, muscle groups were poorly defined, scanty in appearance and not as well differentiated as the cartilage tube.Thyroxine treatment in the young hypophysioprivic regenerates stimulated normal growth and normal appearance and differentiation of promuscle and procartilage aggregates as well as the growth of the ependymal tube into the blastema.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051370405
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Three-dimensional imaging and image analysis of hippocampal neurons: Confocal and digitally enhanced wide field microscopy (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 29 (1994), S. 269-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Three-dimensional light microscopy ; Brain slices ; Neurobiology ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The microscopy of biological specimens has traditionally been a two-dimensional imaging method for analyzing what are in reality three-dimensional (3-D) objects. This has been a major limitation of the application of one of science's most widely used tools. Nowhere has this limitation been more acute than in neurobiology, which is dominated by the necessity of understanding both large-and small-scale 3-D anatomy. Fortunately, recent advances in optical instrumentation and computational methods have provided the means for retrieving the third dimension, making full 3-D microscopic imaging possible. Optical designs have concentrated on the confocal imaging mode while computational methods have made 3-D imaging possible with wide field microscopes using deconvolution methods. This work presents a brief review of these methods, especially as applied to neurobiology, and data using both approaches. Specimens several hundred micrometers thick can be sampled allowing essentially intact neurons to be imaged. These neurons Image analysis in 3-D is as important as visualization in 3-D. Automated methods of cell counting and analysis by nuclear detection as well as tracing of individual neurons are presented. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070290403
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Localizing sites of intradendritic electrophysiological recordings by confocal light microscopy (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 29 (1994), S. 310-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Hippocampus ; Dendrites ; 3-D imaging ; Pyramidal cell ; Neurophysiology ; Confocal microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Studies were undertaken to develop microscopic methods and imaging procedures that would permit identification of sites of intradendritic microelectrode recordings from pyramidal cells in hippocampal slice preparations. Intradendritic recording were obtained with sharp microelectrodes filled with the dye lucifer yellow. Following a recording session a neuron was iontophoretically injected with the dye and imaged by fluorescence videomicroscopy. Images were stored on videotape for later analysis. They provided a record of the location of the microelectrode recording site. After withdrawal of the microelectrode, slices were processed histologically and imaged a second time with a Bio-Rad 600 confocal attachment on an Olympus BH-2 microscope. Confocal images provided detailed anatomical information in three dimensions. In most instances, a clear identification of the recording site was achieved by comparing video images containing the recording electrode and confocal images.Neurophysiological recordings obtained from proximal and distal apical dendrites were markedly different. Proximal dendritic recordings were similar to those obtained from pyramidal cell soma. However, distal dendrites were not electroresponsive when depolarized by intracellular current injection. The techniques described here, or variations that employ patch electrodes, could provide valuable information that should further an understanding of the properties of dendrites in the central nervous system. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070290408
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The ultrastrcture of wallerian degeneration in the severed optic nerve of the newt (Triturus viridescens)Supported by grants from the American Cancer Society, the National Institutes of Health and the Multiple Sclerosis Society awarded to MS, and by an NIH Postdoctoral Fellowship (GM54013-02) awarded to JET. (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 181 (1975), S. 267-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Wallerian degeneration in the severed newt's (Triturus viridescens) optic nerve is complete between the 10-14th post operative day (p.o.d.). Consequently, the newt optic nerve displays one of the most rapid degenerative responses yet reported for the central nervous system of vertebrates. In most cases it also exhibits the speed of degenerative phenomena in the vertebrate peripheral nervous system.The degeneration of unmyelinated axons is most rapid and is completed by 2-3 p.o.d., compared to myelinated axons, most of which degenerate between 2-10 p.o.d. Myelin ring formation (vesicular transformation) is the principal form of lamellar breakdown and occurs in a highly organized manner which can be clearly staged.The glial cell response to Wallerian degeneration is two-fold: cytoplasmic hypertrophy and myelin-lytic. Glial hypertrophy subsides by the 10-14 p.o.d. with the ingrowth of numerous regenerating nerve fibers. The myelin-lytic response accounts for most of the myelin destruction. Leukocyte-like and microglialike cells also participate in myelin breakdown but to a lesser degree.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091810208
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The early stages of wallerian degeneration in the severed optic nerve of the newt (Triturus viridescens)Support by grants from the National Society from the Prevention of Blindness made possible by the Adler Foundation, Basil O'Connor Starter Research Grant from the National Foundation-March of Dimes and NS 12070 from NIH. (1977)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 187 (1977), S. 291-309 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The initiation of Wallerian degeneration in the severed optic nerve of the newt (Triturus viridescens) was very rapid and intense. Significant degeneration of nonmyelinated axons was observed as early as six hours after lesion (h.a.l.) and was almost complete by 48 h.a.l. Initial degeneration of non-myelinated axons began in “extracellular digestion chambers” formed between burgeoning ependymoglial processes. The remaining fragments and debris were later phagocytized by surrounding ependymoglial processes.Many axons of myelinated fibers have degenerated as early as 6 h.a.l. However, the overall population of myelinated axons degenerates at a much slower rate than nonmyelinated ones, for many of them appear intact as late as 48 h.a.l.Some myelin sheaths show significant signs of degeneration by 6 h.a.l. Indeed, by this time a number of myelinated fibers have completely degenerated leaving only large vacuolated spaces in the nerve parenchyma. Swelling and vacuolization of the sheath are among the earliest signs of myelin degeneration.The ependymoglial cell response to optic nerve lesion is manyfold and dramatic. By 6 h.a.l. there are signs of burgeoning ependymoglial processes which begin to resemble scar formation (gliosis) by 48 h.a.l. The morphological evidence is consistent with the concept of an important phagocytic role of ependymoglial cells during the early stages of optic nerve degeneration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091870303
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Developments in three-dimensional stereo brightfield microscopy (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 24 (1993), S. 437-451 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Computer/microscope system ; Stereo pairs ; Image reconstruction ; Inverse filtering ; Depth of field ; Optical transfer function ; Missing cone ; Optical sectioning ; Fast Fourier Transform ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: We present recent developments of a widefield computer/microscope system and image reconstruction algorithm for producing three-dimensional (3D) increased depth of field images in the form of brightfield stereo pairs of thick specimens. The theoretical principle of this image reconstruction technique is based on Weiner-type inverse filtering. A number of extensions and refinements to our previous work have included further testing of the system with a broader class of specimens and the implementation of several pragmatic refinements important for future 3D microscopy systems. These refinements include histogram modification routines for improving visualization, a preprocessing routine to eliminate edge artifacts due to circular convolution and other effects, stereo viewing angle optimization, a rule of thumb estimate for the axial sampling rate, and incorporation of a variation of the Fast Fourier Transform and filtering operations that significantly reduce computational time. Images of spyrogyra, neonatal rat hippocampal neurons, and cervical/vaginal cell smears are presented to show the utility of these methods for 3D visualization. The primary advantages of these methods are that they operate with an ordinary transmitted light microscope and are inexpensively implemented on a personal computer with reasonable computation time. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070240509
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phorbol ester-stimulated stellation in primary cultures of astrocytes from different brain regions (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 29 (1994), S. 319-327 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Astrocytes ; Cell culture ; Stellation ; Protein kinase C ; Scanning confocal light microscopy ; Phorbol ester ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Stellation is the process by which astrocytes change from epithelial-like to process-bearing cells. Stellation occurs following activation of either cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase or protein kinase C. This process occurs through tubulin-dependent rearrangement of the cytoskeleton. We have evaluated the ability of phorbol, 12-myristate, 13-acetate (PMA) to induce astrocyte stellation. Astrocytes from five brain regions (cerebellum, cerebral cortex, hippocampus, diencephalon, and brain-stem) were examined to determine if all astrocytes would exhibit similar responses to this activator of protein kinase C. Stellation was evaluated following cell fixation by either phase optics using conventional light microscop, or scanning laser confocal light microscopy of cultures prepared using immunocytochemistry for tubulin and glial fibrillary acidic protein. Both the number of cells responding to PMA and the sensitivity to PMA varied for astrocytes from each brain region. PMA-induced stellation was most robust in cerebellar and brainstem astrocytes, with greater than 70% responding. Less than 40% of hippocampal and diencephalic astrocytes responded to PMA at the maximum does (10-5 M). PMA also induced different numbers of processes or branching patterns of processes on astrocytes from different brain regions. The protein kinase C induced stellation response in astrocytes supports the hypothesis that astrocytes contribute to neural plasticity. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070290409
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural investigation of neurons identified and localized using the confocal scanning laser microscope (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 18 (1991), S. 82-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Biocytin ; Electron microscopy ; Diaminobenzidine ; Hippocampus ; Horseradish peroxidase ; Spines ; Varicosities ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: Studies of labeled neurons at the light-microscopic level often pinpoint a substructure of particular interest, i.e., a synapse or a spine. An ultrastructural investigation would explain a lot about how these structures arose, how they function, and how they are regulated. Finding a small region in a large block can require constant checking during sectioning, until past the structure. In our pursuit of the synaptic structure of varicosities on the axons of neurons identified physiologically and morphologically at the light level, we have combined confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) with conventional and high-voltage electron microscopy (EM). CSLM images were collected in the reflection mode to view neurons filled with horseradish peroxidase and stained with nickel-intensified diaminobenzidine, which is compatible with EM. The CSLM optical sections provided a record of what one should expect to see at regular intervals throughout the depth of the tissue block. We have shown that the CSLM greatly simplified the task of localizing small structures in brain tissue prepared for EM.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1060180112
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Introduction (1991)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 18 (1991), S. 1-1 
    Details
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1060180102
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