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  • Lime  (3)
  • nitrate  (3)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of lime and phosphate additions on changes in enzyme activities, microbial biomass and levels of extractable nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorus in an acid soil (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 6 (1988), S. 153-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Biomass N, S and P ; Lime ; Phosphate ; Phosphatase ; Sulphatase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of adding lime and/or phosphate to an acid, phosphate-deficient soil on microbial activity, enzyme activities and levels of biomass and extractable N, S and P were studied under laboratory conditions. Following rewetting there was, as expected, an initial flush in microbial growth and activity, as shown by large increases in CO2 evolution, in levels of biomass N, S and P and by accumulation of extractable mineral N and sulphate in the soil. Following rewetting, additions of lime and phosphate further stimulated mineralization of C, N and S. In the first 4 weeks of incubation, the mineralized N accumulated in the soil as ammonium N and there was a concomitant rise in soil pH. After this initial period, nitrification increased substantially and soil pH decreased again. Additions of lime generally increased protease and sulphatase activities but decreased phosphatase activity. Additions of phosphate decreased the activities of all three enzymes. The positive effect of liming on protease and sulphatase activities persisted for the duration of the experiment while accumulation of mineral N and sulphate effectively ceased after about 4 weeks. Furthermore, although phosphate additions decreased the activities of protease and sulphatase they increased the accumulation of mineral N and sulphate. Thus, protease and sulphatase activities were not reliable indicators of the relative amounts of mineral N and sulphate accumulated in the soil during incubation. Some uncertainty surrounded the validity of biomass S and P values estimated by the chloroform fumigation technique because differing proportions of the sulphate and phosphate released from the lysed cells may have been extracted from the different treatments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00257666
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen mineralization, nitrate leaching and crop growth following cultivation of a temporary leguminous pasture in autumn and winter (1992)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 33 (1992), S. 59-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Cultivation ; leaching ; mineralization ; mixed cropping ; nitrate ; nitrogen ; pasture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of timing and method of cultivation of a 3-year old ryegrass/white clover pasture on subsequent N mineralization, NO 3 - -N leaching, and growth and N uptake of a wheat crop in the following season. The size of various N pools and decomposition of14C-labelled ryegrass material were also investigated. Cultivation method (mouldboard or chisel ploughing) generally had no significant effect on the accumulation of mineral N in the profile in the autumn or on the amount of NO 3 - -N leached over winter.14C measurements suggested that initial decomposition rate of plant material was faster from May than March cultivation treatments. Despite this, overall net mineralization of organic N (of soil plus plant origin) increased with increasing fallow period between cultivation and leaching. The total amounts of mineral N accumulated in the soil profile before the start of leaching were 139, 119 and 22 kg N ha−1 for the March, May and July cultivated soils respectively. Cumulative leaching losses over the trial calculated from soil solution samples were 78, 40 and 5 kg N ha−1 for the March, May and July cultivated soils respectively. Differences in N mineralization over the season were generally not reflected by changes in amounts of potentially-mineralizable soil N (as measured by extraction or laboratory incubation) or levels of microbial biomass during the season. The amount of mineral N in the profile in spring increased with decreasing fallow period. This was reflected in an approximately 15% and 25% greater grain yield and N uptake respectively by the following wheat crop in plots cultivated in July rather than in March.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01058010
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of a nitrification inhibitor on leaching losses and recovery of mineralized nitrogen by a wheat crop after ploughing-in temporary leguminous pastures (1995)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 41 (1995), S. 33-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: cultivation ; dicyandiamide ; leaching ; mineralization ; nitrate ; nitrification inhibitor ; pasture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of a nitrification inhibitor on the accumulation of ammonium (NH 4 + -N) and nitrate (NO 3 - -N) in the profile was investigated in two field experiments in Canterbury, New Zealand after the ploughing of a 4-year old ryegrass/white clover pasture in early (March) and late autumn (May). Nitrate leaching over the winter, and yield and N uptake of a following wheat crop were also assessed. The accumulation of N in the soil profile by the start of winter was greater in the March fallow (76–140 kg N ha−1) than in the May fallow treatment (36–49 kg N ha−1). The nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) did not affect the extent of net N mineralization, but it inhibited nitrification when applied to pasture before ploughing, especially at its depth of incorporation (100–200 mm). Nitrification inhibition in spring was greater when DCD was applied in May rather than in March due to its reduced degradation over the winter. Cumulative nitrate leaching losses were substantial from the March fallow treatment in both years (about 100 kg N ha−1). A delay in the cultivation of pasture and the application of DCD both reduced nitrate leaching losses. When leaching occurred early in the winter (in 1991), losses were less when pasture was cultivated in May (2 kg N ha−1) than when DCD was applied to pasture cultivated in March (68 kg N ha−1). When leaching occurred late in the winter (in 1992), similar losses were measured from pasture cultivated in May (49 kg N ha−1) and from DCD-treated pasture cultivated in March (57 kg N ha−1). Grain harvest yield and N uptake of the following spring wheat crop were generally unaffected by the size of the N leaching loss over the winter. This was due to the high N fertility of the soil after four years of a grazed leguminous pasture.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00749518
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of lime and phosphorus applications on concentrations of available nutrients and on P, Al and Mn uptake by two pasture legumes in an acid soil (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 62 (1981), S. 117-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Al ; Available nutrients ; Ca ; K ; Lime ; Mg ; Mn ; Na ; P ; Pasture legumes ; Soil acidity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Effects of increasing rates of lime and phosphorus addition on concentrations of available nutrients in soil and on P, Al and Mn uptake by two pasture legumes, lotus (Lotus pedunculatus Cav.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.), were studied in a pot experiment using a highly leached acid (pH 4.2) soil. Liming resulted in an increase in exchangeable Ca and thus in percentage base saturation, with concomitant decreases in levels of exchangeable Al, Fe and Mn. The relationship between exchangeable Ca and Al was linear and negative with a gradient of almost unity. Liming had no consistent effect on measured CEC values. Increasing lime rates significantly reduced concentrations of Mg, K and Na in saturation paste extracts but had no effect on exchangeable Mg, K and Na levels. With increasing lime additions, available phosphate indicesviz water soluble, resin-, Morgan-and Williams-extractable all decreased significantly, Truog-extractable was unaffected, while Brayextractable generally increased. Fractionation revealed that lime additions caused a decrease in ‘easily soluble’, ‘Fe-bound’ and to a lesser extent ‘Ca-bound’ phosphate fractions, had no effect on ‘reductant soluble’ phosphate, but resulted in an increase in the ‘Al-bound’ fraction. P uptake and yield of both legumes increased with lime and P additions. Correlations between available phosphate indices and yield of both legumes were weak or nonsignificant. However, high, significant positive correlation coefficients were found between available phosphate and plant uptake of P. Indices of available Al and Mn were not generally significantly correlated with plant uptake of Al or Mn but significant negative correlations were found between available Al and Mn and yield of both species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02205031
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of liming on phosphate availability in acid soils (1982)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 68 (1982), S. 289-308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aluminium toxicity ; Hydroxy-aluminium ; Lime ; Phosphate availability ; Soil acidity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The critical factors involved in the plant-soil-phosphorus-lime interaction are outlined and discussed. Conflicting reports suggest that the prior liming of highly weathered acid soils can result in an increase, a decrease, or no change in the availability of applied phosphate. Adsorption of phosphate by amphoteric soil surfaces generally decreases slowly as the pH is raised from 4.0 to 7.0. However, in soils initially high in exchangeable Al3+, liming results in the formation of new, highly active, phosphate adsorbing surfaces as the Al3+ ions precipitate as insoluble polymeric hydroxy-Al cation species. Thus, if an acid soil is reacted with lime and then phosphate, without intervening air drying, liming can increase phosphate adsorption. If the same limed soil is air dried before reaction with phosphate (e.g. adsorption isotherm studies), liming decreases phosphate adsorption. Apparently, air drying alters the surface characteristics of recently limed soils, probably by promoting the crystallization of the hydroxy-Al cation polymers as gibbsite. An important phenomenon, which is often overlooked, is that liming can increase phosphate availability by stimulating mineralization of soil organic phosphorus. However, at high soil pH values, the precipitation of insoluble calcium phosphates can decrease phosphate availability. Since Al toxicity is characterised by the inhibition of the uptake, translocation and utilization of phosphate by plants, liming often increases the utilization of soil phosphate by plants through amelioration of Al toxicity. When making lime recommendations or interpreting the data collected from lime-phosphate experiments, it is important to consider all the complex interacting soil and plant factors involved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02197935
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Movement and transformations of fertigated nitrogen below trickle emitters and their effects on pH in the wetted soil volume (1990)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 23 (1990), S. 105-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Ammonium ; fertigation ; nitrate ; nitrogen ; trickle irrigation ; urea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The movement and transformations of ammonium-, urea- and nitrate-N in the wetted volume of soil below the trickle emitter was studied in a field experiment following the fertigation of N as ammonium sulphate, urea and calcium nitrate. Effects on soil pH in the wetted volume were also investigated. During a fertigation cycle (emitter rate 2lh−1) applied ammonium was concentrated in the surface 10 cm of soil immediately below the emitter and little lateral movement occurred. In contrast, because of their greater mobility in the soil, fertigated urea and nitrate were more evenly distributed down the soil profile below the emitter and had moved laterally in the profile to 15 cm radius from the emitter. The conversion of applied N to nitrate-N was more rapid when urea rather than ammonium-N was applied suggesting that the accumulation of large amounts of ammonium below the emitter in the ammonium sulphate treatment probably retarded nitrification. Following their conversion to nitrate-N, both fertigated ammonium sulphate and urea caused acidification in the wetted soil volume. Acidification was confined to the surface 20 cm of soil in the ammonium sulphate treatment, however because of its greater mobility, fertigation with urea (2lh−1) resulted in acidification occurring down to a depth of 40 cm. Such subsoil acidity is likely to be very difficult to ameliorate. Increasing the trickle discharge rate from 2lh−1 to 4lh−1 reduced the downward movement of urea and encouraged its lateral spread in the surface soil. As a consequence, acidification was confined to the surface (0–20 cm) soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01063337
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