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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 221 (1981), S. 451-463 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal photoreceptors ; Pinealocytes ; Opsin immunoreactivity ; Rhodopsin-like photopigments ; Comparative aspects (vertebrates)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An antibody to opsin isolated from rod outer segments of the frog retina was applied in light- and electron-microscopic immunocytochemical studies to the pineal organ of various vertebrates (Cyprinus carpio, Carassius auratus, Rana esculenta, Emys orbicularis, Pseudemys scripta elegans, Lacerta agilis and viridis, Gallus domesticus, Columba livia, Melopsittacus undulatus, Serinus canaria, Taeniopyga punctata, Didelphis virginiana, Erinaceus roumanicus, Myotis myotis, rabbit, rat, cat). A strong immunoreaction was visible in the outer segments of the pinealocytes of one anuran and several teleost species. The outer segments of pinealocytes in the chelonian reptiles and birds also contained immunoreactive opsin. Ultrastructurally, PAP complexes were localized to the photoreceptor membranes of the outer segments. Immunoreactivity for opsin could not be demonstrated in the lacertilian parietal eye and pineal organ. In the opossum (Marsupialia), pinealocytes remain in contact with the intrapineal invaginations of the pineal recess. In insectivores, the cilia of the pinealocytes exhibit a relation to glial cells similar to that between the outer segments of retinal photoreceptors and the pigment cells. The cilia of mammalian pinealocytes did not show a clear-cut immunoreactivity to opsin with the electron-microscopic technique employed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 108 (1970), S. 17-34 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nucleus infundibularis ; Reptiles ; Liquor contacting neurons ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Nucleus infundibularis verschiedener Reptilien wurde licht- und elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Zellen dieses Kernes entsenden Fortsätze durch ein mehrreihiges Ependym in den 3. Ventrikel und bilden dort freie, intraventrikuläre Nervenendigungen („Liquorkontakt-Nervenendigungen“, Lkne). Lichtmikroskopisch konnten in der Kerngruppe a) kleine, AChE-negative, toluidinblaue und b) große, AChE-positive, mit Toluidinblau hell erscheinende Nervenzellen unterschieden werden. Die knöpfchenförmigen LKNE weisen Elemente des endoplasmatischen Retikulums, freie Ribosomen, eine wechselnde Anzahl Mitochondrien, einzelne Lysosomen, asymmetrische Zilien (Typ 9+0) mit akzessorischem Basalkörper und Zilienwurzeln auf. Zwei LKNE-Typen sind unterscheidbar: a) LKNE mit granulierten Vesikeln mit einem Durchmesser von 800–1100 Å und b) LKNE mit großen, elektronendichten Granula (Durchmesser 1200–1600 Å). Im Lumen des 3. Ventrikels treten kleinkalibrige Axone auf, die kleine, granulierte Bläschen (Durchmesser 700–900 Å) enthalten und mit den LKNE des Nucleus infundibularis intraventrikuläre Synapsen bilden. Die Perikaryen des Nucleus infundibularis weisen ein reichliches endoplasmatisches Retikulum, zahlreiche Polyribosomen, Neurotubuli und Mitochondrien auf. Ähnlich wie bei den LKNE sind zwei Perikaryenarten zu unterscheiden: a) Perikaryen mit granulierten Vesikeln (Durchmesser 800–1100 Å) und b) solche mit elektronendichten Granula (1200–1700 Å). Außerdem kommen verschiedene Arten axosomatischer und axodendritischer Synapsen vor. Die Funktion der intraventrikulären Nervenendigungen und verschiedenen Synapsenarten in der Kerngruppe wird im Hinblick auf einen Informationsaustausch zwischen dem Liquor cerebrospinalis und dem Nucleus infundibularis diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The infundibular nucleus of various reptiles was studied light and electron microscopically. Cells of this nucleus send processes through a stratified ependyma into the 3rd ventricle where they form free, intraventricular nerve terminals (“liquor contacting nerve endings”, LCNE). In the nucleus, two kinds of neurons could be distinguished light microscopically: a) small, AChE-negative, toluidine blue neurons, and b) large, AChE-positive cells staining light with toluidine blue. The club shaped LCNE contain elements of the endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes, a various amount of mitochondria, and single lysosomes. The terminals bear asymmetrical cilia (type 9+0) supplied with accessory basal bodies and rootlet fibres. Two kinds of LCNE are demonstrable: a) LCNE containing dense-core vesicles with a diameter of about 800–1100 Å, and b) LCNE with large, electron-dense granules (diameter about 1,200–1,600 Å). In the lumen of the 3rd ventricle, there occur small axons that contain small granulated vesicles (diameter about 700–900 Å), and that form intraventricular synapses with the LCNE of the infundibular nucleus. The perikarya of the infundibular nucleus contain an abundant endoplasmic reticulum, numerous polyribosomes, neurotubules and mitochondria. Similarly to the LCNE, two kinds of perikarya can be distinguished: a) perikarya containing granulated vesicles (diameter about 800–1100 Å), and b) perikarya with electron-dense granules (diameter about 1200–1700 Å). Furthermore, different types of axosomatic and axodendritic synapses occur. The function of the intraventricular nerve terminals and the different types of synapses in the nucleus is discussed with regard to an exchange of informations between the cerebrospinal fluid and the infundibular nucleus.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 109 (1970), S. 180-194 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Liquor contacting neurons ; Spinal cord ; Reissner's fibre ; Reptiles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Rückenmark der Reptilien kommen zwischen und unter den Ependymzellen des Zentralkanals bipolare Nervenzellen vor. Ihre Dendriten dringen in den Liquor cerebrospinalis ein und bilden dort charakteristische Nervenendigungen, die sich in lange, fingerförmige Fortsätze verzweigen. Letztere enthalten orientierte Filamente. In den Nervenendigungen findet man ebenfalls Filamente, multivesikuläre Körper und ferner Basalkörper, von denen Zilien und lange Zilienwurzeln ausgehen. Die Dendriten der Neurone sind durch desmosomenartige Strukturen mit den apikalen Abschnitten der benachbarten Ependymzellen verbunden und enthalten zahlreiche Mitochondrien und Golgi-Felder. Im Perikaryon der Neurone findet man ebenfalls ausgedehnte Golgi-Areale, ferner ein mit Ribosomen besetztes endoplasmatisches Retikulum, Mitochondrien, multivesikuläre Körper und granulierte Vesikel (Durchmesser um 870 Å). Der Neurit der Nervenzellen verläuft ependymofugal, in ihm kommen lange Mitochondrien und Neurotubuli vor. Auf den Dendriten, der Basis des distalen Fortsatzes, und den Perikaryen der Neurone können Synapsen beobachtet werden, deren präsynaptischer Bereich synaptische Vesikel, Mitochondrien und einige granulierte Bläschen (Durchmesser um 800 Å) aufweist. In einer Schnittebene dringen 5–6 Nervenendigungen in etwa gleicher Entfernung voneinander in den Zentralkanal ein. Unterhalb der intraependymalen Liquorkontaktneurone findet man eine weitere Nervenzellart, deren Zytoplasma heller ist und größere (Durchmesser um 1250 Å), den neurosekretorischen Elementargranula ähnliche Granula enthält. Die Ependymzellen des Zentralkanals besitzen zahlreiche Mikrovilli. Die Liquorkontakt-Nervenendigungen können mit dem Reissnerschen Faden in direktem Kontakt stehen. Die Hypothese wird diskutiert, daß die spinalen Liquorkontaktneurone — ähnlich denen der bisher beschriebenen Liquorkontaktgebiete — Rezeptoren sind, bei deren Funktion auch der Reissnersche Faden eine Rolle spielen kann.
    Notes: Summary In the spinal cord of reptiles, nerve cells are situated between and below the ependymal cells of the central canal. These neurons are bipolar; their dendrites protrude into the cerebrospinal fluid of the central canal where they build up characteristic nerve endings. These terminals ramify into long, finger-like processes containing oriented filaments. In the terminals, filaments, too, can be found besides of multivesicular and basal bodies, the latter giving rise to long rootlet fibres and cilia. The dendrite of the neurons is connected with the apical part of the neighbouring ependymal cells by desmosome-like structures, and it contains numerous mitochondria and Golgi areas. In the perikarya, enlarged Golgi areas, rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, multivesicular bodies and dense-core vesicles (diameter about 870 Å) are found. The neurite of the nerve cells that passes ependymofugally, contains long mitochondria and neurotubules. On the dendrite, the basis of the distal cell process and the perikarya of the neurons, synapses can be observed; their presynaptic cytoplasm contains synaptic vesicles, mitochondria and some dense-core vesicles (diameter about 800 Å). In one section, 5 to 6 nerve terminals protrude into the central canal in about equal distance from each other. Below these liquor contacting neurons situated intraependymally and described above, there is another type of nerve cells which cytoplasm is more electron lucent and contains larger (diameter about 1,250 Å) granules resembling neurosecretory granules. The ependymal cells of the central canal possess numerous microvilli. The liquor contacting nerve terminals may sometimes contact the Reissner's fibre directly. It is suggested that the spinal liquor contacting neurons — similarly to those of the liquor contacting territories described up to now — are receptors. In their function, also the Reissner's fibre may play a role.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 112 (1971), S. 201-211 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Liquor contacting neurons ; Spinal cord ; Reissner's fibre ; Xenopus laevis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zwischen und unter den Ependymzellen des Zentralkanals des Rückenmarkes von Xenopus laevis kommen Nervenzellen vor. Die intraependymalen Neurone sind rundlich und stehen mit dem Liquor cerebrospinalis durch eine breite Oberfläche in Berührung, von der sich längere und kürzere Fortsätze und ein Cilium (Typ 9+2) in das Lumen erheben. Die hypendymalen Neurone sind bipolar; ihr Dendrit verzweigt sich im Liquor ebenfalls in fingerförmige Fortsätze. Die Liquorkontaktfortsätze beider Zelltypen sind von feinen Filamenten ausgefüllt. Der Reissnersche Faden lagert sich manchen Fortsätzen an. In den intra- und hypendymalen Perikaryen findet man neben endoplasmatischem Retikulum, Golgi-Arealen und Mitochondrien kleine dense-core Vesikel (Durchmesser 600–900 Å). Der distale Fortsatz beider Neurontypen hat Neuritennatur. Axone, die synaptische und granulierte (Durchmesser 800–1200 Å) Vesikel enthalten, bilden relativ wenige Synapsen mit den Liquorkontaktneuronen. Im hypendymalen Neuropil findet man multipolare Nervenzellen, die 1000–1200 Å große granulierte Vesikel enthalten. Aufgrund des morphologischen Bildes wird die mögliche Rolle der Liquorkontaktfortsätze und des Ciliums bei der Funktion der Liquorkontaktneurone diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary Nerve cells are situated between and below the ependymal cells of the central canal of the spinal cord of Xenopus laevis. The intraependymal neurons are round-shaped; they contact the cerebrospinal fluid by a large surface from which longer and shorter processes and a cilium (type 9+2) arise into the lumen. The hypendymal neurons are bipolar; their dendrite ramifies also into finger-like processes in the cerebrospinal fluid. The liquor contacting processes of both cell types contain fine filaments. The Reissner's fibre contacts some of the processes. In the intra- and hypendymal perikarya, small dense-core vesicles (diameter 600–900 Å) are found besides of endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi-areas and mitochondria. The distal process of both neuron types has neurite character. Axons containing synaptic and granulated (diameter 800–1200 Å) vesicles, form relatively few synapses with the liquor contacting neurons. In the hypendymal neuropile, multipolar nerve cells occur that contain granulated vesicles with a diameter of about 1000–1200 Å. On the basis of the morphological picture, the possible role of the liquor contacting processes and of the cilium in the function of the liquor contacting neurons are discussed.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 112 (1971), S. 188-200 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nucleus infundibularis ; Chicken ; Liquor contacting neurons ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Neurone des Nucleus infundibularis des Kükens sind multipolar, teilweise bipolar. Ein Teil der ventrikulären Fortsätze der Nervenzellen dringt zwischen den Ependymzellen hindurch in den Liquor cerebrospinalis ein und bildet dort kugelförmige, intraventrikuläre Nervenendigungen (Durchmesser 3,5–5,5 μ). Die Liquorkontakt-Nervenendigungen (LKNE) enthalten zahlreiche Mitochondrien, endoplasmatisches Retikulum, Polyribosomen, etwa 1300 Å große granulierte Vesikel sowie locker verteilte Mikrotubuli. Die intraventrikuläre Endigung trägt ein Cilium von Typ 9+0, von dessen Basalkörper dünne Zilienwurzeln ihren Ursprung nehmen. Manchmal kommen freie Liquorzellen auf den LKNE vor. Der die intraventrikuläre Endigung bildende ventrikuläre Fortsatz hat Dendritennatur. In der hypendymalen synaptischen Zone bilden Axone, die dense-core Vesikel (1000 Å, 1300 Å) enthalten, mit den ventrikulären Dendriten Synapsen. Die Perikaryen der Nervenzellen sind durch ein reichliches endoplasmatisches Retikulum, Polyribosomen, Golgi-Areale, Mitochondrien, granulierte Vesikel (Durchmesser 1300 Å) und zahlreiche axo-somatische Synapsen charakterisiert. Im Gebiet des Nucleus infundibularis können helle und dunkle Ependymzellen unterschieden werden. Der apikale Abschnitt der letzteren bildet kleinere und größere Plasmafortsätze. Die hellen Zellen tragen zahlreiche Zilien (Typ 9+2). Aufgrund der neuen morphologischen Daten wird die mögliche Funktion der Liquorkontaktneurone des Nucleus infundibularis diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The neurons of the infundibular nucleus of the chicken are multipolar, partly bipolar. Part of the ventricular processes of the nerve cells passes by between the ependymal cells into the cerebrospinal fluid where they form globular, intraventricular nerve endings (diameter about 3,5 to 5,5 μ). The liquor contacting nerve endings (LCNE) contain numerous mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, polyribosomes, granulated vesicles (diameter about 1300 Å) and scattered microtubules. The intraventricular terminal bears a cilium (type 9+0), its basal body gives rise to slim rootlet fibres. Sometimes, free liquor cells occur on the LCNE. The ventricular nerve processes that build up the LCNE are dendrites. In the hypendymal synaptic zone, axons containing granulated vesicles (1000 Å, 1300 Å) form synapses with the ventricular dendrites. The perikarya of the nerve cells are characterized by an abundant endoplasmic reticulum, polyribosomes, Golgi areas, mitochondria, granulated vesicles (diameter about 1300 Å) and numerous axo-somatic synapses. In the region of the infundibular nucleus, two types of ependymal cells can be distinguished: light and dark cells. The apical part of the latter forms several smaller and larger cytoplasmic processes. The light cells bear numerous cilia (type 9+2). On the basis of the new morphological data, the possible function of the liquor contacting neurons of the infundibular nucleus is discussed.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal photoreceptors ; Opsin immunoreactivity ; Pineal neurons ; Acetylcholinesterase reaction ; Parapineal organ ; Teleosts (Phoxinus phoxinus L.)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pineal complex of the teleost, Phoxinus phoxinus L., was studied light-microscopically by the use of the indirect immunocytochemical antiopsin reaction and the histochemical acetylcholinersterase (AChE) method. Opsin-immunoreactive outer segments of photoreceptor cells were demonstrated in large numbers in all divisions of the pineal end-vesicle and in the pineal stalk. Moreover, they were found in the roof of the third ventricle, adjacent to the orifice of the pineal recess as well as scattered in the parapineal organ. These immunocytochemical observations provide direct evidence of the presence of an opsin associated with a photopigment in the photosensory cells of the pineal and parapineal organs of Phoxinus. By means of the AChE reaction (Karnovsky and Roots 1964) inner segments of pineal photoreceptors, intrinsic nerve cells, several intrapineal bundles of nerve fibers, and a prominent pineal tract were specifically marked. The pineal neurons can be divided into two types: one is located near the pineal lumen, the other near the basal lamina. The latter perikarya bear stained processes directed toward the photoreceptor layer. A rostral aggregation of two types of AChE-positive nerve cells occurs in the ventral wall of the pineal end-vesicle. The main portion of the AChE-positive pineal tract, which lies within the dorsal wall of the pineal stalk, can be followed to the posterior commissure where some of the nerve fibers course laterally. A few AChE-positive pineal nerve fibers run toward the lateral habenular nucleus via the habenular commissure. In the region of the subcommissural organ single AChE-positive neurons accompany the pineal tract. The nerve cells of the parapineal organ exhibit a moderate AChE activity. These findings extend the structural basis for the remarkable light-dependent activity of the pineal organ of Phoxinus phoxinus.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal organ ; Parapineal organ ; Opsin immunoreactivity ; Cyclostome (Lampetra fluviatilis) ; Teleosts (Anguilla anguilla, Salmo gairdneri)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pineal complex of Lampetra fluviatilis, Anguilla anguilla and Salmo gairdneri was studied by means of the indirect immunohistochemical antiopsin reaction. Opsin-immunoreactive material was demonstrated in the outer segments of the photoreceptor cells in the pineal organ of all three species investigated. In the lamprey, the opsin-positive outer segments were located in the lumen of the pineal vesicle and atrium. In the two teleost species, the immunoreactive outer segments were observed in abundance in the pineal end-vesicle and stalk. These structures were found to accumulate in the prominent initial portion of the pineal stalk of the eel. In the rainbow trout, immunoreactive outer segments occurred in the wide orifice of the pineal recess at the roof of the third ventricle. In addition, outer segments of photoreceptor cells of the parapineal organ (“parapinealocytes”) displayed opsin immunoreactivity. In the lamprey, opsin immunoreactivity was restricted to the central portion of the ventral parapineal retina, while the parapinealocytes in the lateral portions did not bind the antibody. In the two teleosts, immunoreactive outer segments displayed a scattered pattern. These immunocytochemical results provide direct evidence that the photosensitivity of the pineal demonstrated electrophysiologically in lampreys and teleosts (cf. Dodt 1973) is based on an opsin-containing photopigment. The presence of opsin in cells of the parapineal organ strengthens the view that also this organ may be capable of direct light perception. In the lamprey, the exclusive opsin immunoreactivity of a circumscribed group of parapineal cells suggests the existence of two types of parapinealocytes. The significance of opsin-containing photoreceptor outer segments occurring in the most proximal portion of the teleost pineal stalk is discussed, especially with regard to the interpretation of results obtained from pinealectomy experiments.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 228 (1983), S. 139-148 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal organ ; Pineal photoreceptors ; Opsin immunoreactivity ; Electron microscopy ; Elasmobranch (Raja clavata)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pineal organ of Raja clavata was studied by light and electron microscopy, including the immunocytochemical antiopsin reaction. The pineal organ of the ray consists of three portions: (i) a large proximal pineal, (ii) a long tube-like connecting stalk, and (iii) a short distal terminal enlargement. This latter end-vesicle lies in the deep connective tissue layers of the braincase. All portions of the pineal are composed of pinealocytes, intrinsic neurons, ependymal/glial cells, and bundles of nerve fibers embedded in thin neuropil formations. The inner segments of the pinealocytes protrude into the lumen in all parts of the organ and usually contain basal bodies and numerous mitochondria. Often, two outer segments were found to arise from the basal bodies of a single inner segment. By means of light-microscopic immunocytochemistry the outer segments showed a strong antiopsin reaction. The axons of the pinealocytes form ribbon-containing synapses on dendritelike profiles, which appear to belong to the intrinsic pineal neurons. There are other axo-dendritic synapses established by presynaptic terminals lacking ribbons and containing granular and synaptic vesicles. Pineal neurons may contain granular vesicles approximately 60–100 nm in diameter; their processes contribute to the bundles of unmyelinated axons. The fine structural organization of the pineal organ and the opsin immunoreactivity of the outer segments of the pinealocytes indicate a photoreceptive capacity of the organ. The double outer segments represent a peculiar multiplication of the photoreceptor structures.
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