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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biphasic effects of δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol on variable interval schedule performance in rats (1972)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 27 (1972), S. 163-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Marihuana (Cannabis) ; (−)δ 9-trans-Tetrahydrocannabinol (δ 9-THC) ; Psychopharmacology ; Operant Behavior ; Schedule of Reinforcement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Four rats were trained to barpress for water reinforcement under a variable interval 60 sec schedule. Nine acute administrations of (−)δ 9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol, in amounts ranging from 0.25 to 16.0 mg/kg, produced dose-related effects on responding; overall response rate increased at lower doses, while higher doses produced ataxia and a complete suppression of responding. Increased response rates reflected changes both in response spacing and in the lengths of post-reinforcement pauses. It was concluded that marihuana has a biphasic effect on variable interval water-reinforced behavior in rats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00439375
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of behavioral effects of synthetic (−)δ9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol and marihuana extract distillate in chimpanzees (1972)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 25 (1972), S. 169-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Marihuana (Cannabis) ; (−)δ 9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol (δ 9-THC) ; Psychopharmacology ; Operant Behavior ; Schedule of Reinforcement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Eight chimpanzees emitted panel push responses under a procedure in which three operant schedules of positive reinforcement, each associated with a different stimulus, were presented successively. The fixed ratio (FR) schedule required the emission of 40 responses for reinforcement. Reinforcement under the differential reinforcement of low rate (DRL) schedule was delivered only for a response that followed the immediately preceding response by 10 or more sec. No responses were reinforced under the extinction or time out from reinforcement (TO) schedule. The behavioral effects produced by a marihuana extract distillate containing a known amount of (−)δ 9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol (δ 9-THC) were compared with those produced by a totally synthesized δ 9-THC. On four separate drug days each chimpanzee was orally administered one of the two compounds 2.5 h prior to experimentation in amounts yielding 1.0 mg/kg δ 9-THC. Only the DRL schedule performance was significantly affected by either drug compound. Both the marihuana extract and the synthetic δ 9-THC produced a statistically significant decrease in the percentage of correct DRL responses. However, no statistically significant differences between the drug effects produced by the two δ 9-THC dose forms were obtained.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00423194
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of olfaction in chemosensory-based predator recognition in the fathead minnow,Pimephales promelas (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 19 (1993), S. 623-633 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Olfaction ; chemoreception ; solitary chemosensory cells ; predator recognition ; alarm pheromone ; Schreckstoff ; fathead minnow ; Pimephales promelas ; northern pike ; Esox lucius
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Solitary fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were rendered anosmic and exposed to chemical stimuli from a predatory northern pike (Esox lucius) to determine the role of olfaction in the minnow's ability to recognize predators on the basis of chemical stimuli. Anosmic fish did not respond to the pike stimuli with a typical fright reaction, while control fish, with intact olfactory receptors, did. These results demonstrate that the olfactory system is necessary for the ability of fathead minnows to recognize northern pike as a predator and that the gustatory and single-celled chemosensory systems are not sufficient for this recognition in the absence of olfactory input. Olfactory impairment was behaviorally confirmed by exposing minnows to alarm substance (Schreckstoff).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00984997
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reactions of Gammarus lacustris to Chemical Stimuli from Natural Predators and Injured Conspecifics (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 23 (1997), S. 1163-1173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Gammarus lacustris ; alarm pheromone ; kairomone ; predator avoidance ; antipredator behavior ; Esox lucius ; Aeshna eremita
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We exposed the freshwater amphipod Gammarus lacustris, to chemical stimuli from injured conspecifics and to chemical stimuli from two types of natural predators: dragonfly larvae (Aeshna eremita) and northern pike (Esox lucius). Exposure to all three stimuli caused G. lacustris to reduce significantly its level of activity relative to activity recorded in response to a distilled water control. The similarity in responses to chemicals associated with predators and to injured conspecifics suggests the presence of an alarm pheromone within the body tissues of G. lacustris. In response to chemical stimuli from pike, G. lacustris tended to reduce its time in the water column and spend more time near the bottom of the test aquaria. However, no such trend was apparent in response to chemical stimuli from dragonfly larvae. The differences in response to chemical stimuli from pike and larval dragonflies suggest that G. lacustris does not have a rigid behavioral response to predation risk; instead, antipredator behavior may be modified to maximize avoidance of predators that are active in different microhabitats.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006393.92013.36
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of marihuana extract on the operant behavior of chimpanzees (1971)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 22 (1971), S. 333-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Marihuana (Cannabis) ; (−)-Δ 9-trans-Tetrahydrocannabniol (Δ 9-THC) ; Operant Behavior ; Psychopharmacology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Six chimpanzees were trained to panel push under a food reinforcement baseline in which three operant schedules, each associated with a different stimulus, were presented successively. The fixed ratio (FR) reinforcement schedule required the emission of 40 responses for reinforcement. Reinforcement under the differential reinforcement of low rate (DRL) schedule was delivered only when successive responses were spaced by at least 10 sec. During the extinction or time out from positive reinforcement schedule (TO), no responses were reinforced. In Experiment 1, amounts of marihuana extract containing from 0.2 to 4.0 mg/kg (−)-Δ 9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 9-THC) were orally administered 1 h prior to experimentation. In Experiment 2, 1.0 mg/kg Δ 9-THC was orally administered between 1 and 23 h prior to experimental sessions. No disruption of stimulus control or drug effects during TO were observed. Both DRL and FR response suppression occurred at the highest drug dose. Lower Δ 9-THC doses produced facilitation of DRL responding up to 12 h following drug administration. Although FR responding was less sensitive, Δ 9-THC stimulated FR behavior from 2 to 5 h following drug administration. It was concluded that marihuana has a biphasic effect on food reinforcement schedule controlled operant behavior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00406872
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temporally-related stimulus properties of δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in monkeys (1974)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 35 (1974), S. 305-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Marihuana (Cannabis) ; (−)δ 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol ; Stimulus Properties ; Discrimination ; Generalization ; Choice Behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A two-choice operant discrimination procedure was used to train three monkeys to respond differentially between a fixed dose of δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (δ 9-THC) and the drug vehicle alone. During the acquisition of the drug discrimination, both drug and vehicle alone were administered orally 2.5 h prior to the experimental session. The drug-stimulus time course was than tested by administering either the same dose of δ 9-THC or the vehicle alone from 0.5 to 16.5 h before the session. Varying administration time had no effect on the established discrimination during vehicle alone test sessions. However, orderly time-related generalization gradients were obtained around the drug administration time used during discrimination training.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00429221
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Risk-sensitive habitat use by brook stickleback (Culaea inconstans) in areas associated with minnow alarm pheromone (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 2975-2983 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Predation risk ; area avoidance ; brook stickleback ; Culaea inconstans ; fathead minnow ; Pimephales promelas ; alarm pheromone ; Schreckstoff
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Brook stickleback (Culaea inconstans) share habitat and predators with cyprinid species, and they exploit the alarm pheromone of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) to avoid areas of high predation risk. In this field experiment, we measured the retention and duration of area avoidance by brook stickleback from areas marked with alarm pheromone of fathead minnows. Area avoidance was greatest during the first 2 hr after the source of the alarm pheromone was removed (P〈0.05), but after 4 hr, area use was not significantly different from premarking levels. This study shows that brook stickleback: (1) use the alarm pheromone of fathead minnows to avoid high risk areas, (2) continue to avoid locations associated with predation risk after the source of the pheromone has gone, and (3) avoid risky areas temporarily, and resume use of risky areas after 2–4 hr. This behavioral response by stickleback to minnow alarm pheromone could serve to minimize risk of predation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02098403
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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