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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of stock camping behaviour on the soil microbiological and biochemical properties of grazed pastoral soils (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 28 (1999), S. 253-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Grazing animals ; Enzyme activity ; Microbial biomass ; Pasture ; Soil organic matter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  The size and activity of the soil microbial biomass in grazed pastures was compared on the main grazing area and on stock camp areas where animals congregate. Two sites were on hill country and three on gently sloping border-dyke irrigated land. Due to the transfer of nutrients and organic matter to the camp areas via dung and urine there was an accumulation of soil organic C, organic and inorganic P and S and soluble salts in the camp areas. Soil pH also tended to be higher in camp areas due to transfer of alkalinity by the grazing animals. Water soluble organic C, microbial biomass C and basal respiration were all higher in soils from camp areas but the proportion of organic C present as microbial C and the microbial respiratory quotient were unaffected. Microbial activity as quantified by arginine ammonification rate and fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis was higher in camp than non-camp soils but dehydrogenase activity remained unaffected. Activities of protease, histidase, urease, acid phosphatase and aryl-sulphatase were all higher in stock camp soils. The activities of both histidase and aryl-sulphatase were also higher when expressed per unit of microbial biomass C, indicating that the increased activity was the result of increased enzyme production by the microbial community. Prolonged regular applications of dairy shed effluent (diluted dung and urine from cattle) to a field had a similar effect to stock camping in increasing soil organic matter content, nutrient accumulation and soil biological activity. It was concluded that the stock camping activity of grazing animals results in an increase in both the fertility and biological activity in soils from camp areas at the expense of these properties on the main grazing areas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050490
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interactions between soil organic matter status, cropping history, method of quantification and sample pretreatment and their effects on measured aggregate stability (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 30 (2000), S. 270-275 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Aggregate stability ; Soil organic matter ; Microbial biomass ; Pasture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  The effects of sample pretreatment (field-moist, air-dried or tension rewetted) on aggregate stability measured by wet sieving or turbidimetry were compared for a group of soil samples ranging in organic C content from 20 to 40 g C kg–1. Concentrations of total N, total and hot-water-extractable carbohydrate and microbial biomass C were linearly related to those of organic C. Aggregate stability measured by wet sieving using air-dried or field-moist samples and that measured by turbidimetry, regardless of sample pretreatment, increased curvilinearly with increasing soil organic C content. However, when tension-rewetted samples were used for wet sieving, aggregate stability was essentially unaffected by soil organic C content. Measurements of aggregate stability (apart from wet sieving using rewetted soils) were closely correlated with one another and with organic C, total and extractable carbohydrate and microbial biomass C content of the soils. The short-term effects of aggregate stability were also studied. Soils from under long-term arable management and those under long-term arable followed by 1 or 3 years under pasture had similar organic C contents, but aggregate stability measured by turbidimetry and by wet sieving using air-dried or field-moist samples increased with increasing years under pasture. Light fraction C, microbial biomass and hot-water-extractable carbohydrate concentrations also increased. It was concluded that both total and labile soil organic C content are important in relation to water-stable aggregation and that the use of tension-rewetted samples to measure stability by wet sieving is unsatisfactory since little separation of values is achieved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050002
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of pasture improvement and intensive cultivation on microbial biomass, enzyme activities, and composition and size of earthworm populations (1994)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 17 (1994), S. 185-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Earthworms ; Enzyme activity ; Microbial biomass ; Pasture ; Soil organic matter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We investigated the quantity and distribution of organic C, microbial biomass C, protease, arylsulphatase and arylphosphatase activity, and earthworm numbers and biomass in the soil from a 37-year-old grazed pasture supplied with superphosphate at rates of 0, 188, and 376 kg ha-1 annually. The results were compared with a non-irrigated wilderness site which had not been used for agriculture and an arable site that had been intensively cultivated for 11 consecutive years. In the 0- to 5-cm layer, organic C followed the trend arable〈wilderness = control〈low phosphate = high posphate and soil biological activity generally followed a similar trend. For example, protease and arylsulphatase activity and microbial biomass C followed the order arable〈wilderness〈control〈low phosphate = high phosphate. The greater activity in the control than the wilderness site was attributed to the more regular turnover of organic matter throughout the year in the control due to the activity of the grazing animals. Earthworm numbers increased in the order arable〈wilderness〈control〈low phosphate〈high phosphate. In the improved pasture sites the earthworm population was dominated by Aporrectodea caliginosa (77–89% of total numbers) although Lumbricus rubellus made an increasing contribution to the population with increasing superphosphate rates. In the unirrigated wilderness site the population consisted of 56% A. caliginosa and 44% L. rubellus. While Octolasion cyaneum and A. rosea made up a small proportion of the population in the improved pasture sites, they were not present in the wilderness or arable sites. A. caliginosa was the only species present in the arable site. The mean fresh weight of individuals followed the order arable〈control = low phosphate = high phosphate〈wilderness and the proportion of jeveniles in the population was greatest in the arable and lowest in the wilderness site.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336320
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of soil acidification and subsequent leaching on levels of extractable nutrients in a soil (1986)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 95 (1986), S. 327-336 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acidification ; Extractable micronutrients ; Fe ; Mn ; Zn ; Cu ; Extractable P ; Exchangeable cations ; Ca ; Mg ; K ; Na ; Mineral N
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of soil acidification (pH values from 6.5 to 3.8), and subsequent leaching, on levels of extractable nutrients in a soil were studied in a laboratory experiment. Below pH 5.5, acidification resulted in large increases in the amounts of exchangeable Al in the soil. Simultaneously, exchangeable cations were displayed from exchange sites and Ca, Mg, K and Na in soil solution increased markedly. With increasing soil acidification, increasing amounts of cations were leached; the magnitude of leaching loss was in the same order as the cations were present in the soil: Ca2+〉Mg2+〉K+〉Na+. Soil acidification appeared to inhibit nitrification since in the unleached soils, levels of NO 3 − clearly declined below pH 5.5 and at the same time levels of NH 4 + increased greatly. Significant amounts of NH 4 + and larger amounts of NO 3 − , were removed from the soil during leaching. Concentrations of NaHCO3-extractable phosphate remained unchanged between pH 4.3 and 6.0 but were raised at higher and lower pH values. No leaching losses of phosphate were detected. For the unleached soils, levels of EDTA-extractable Mn and Zn increased as the soil was acidified whilst levels of extractable Fe were first decreased and then increased greatly and those for Cu were decreased slightly between pH 6.5 and 6.0 and then unaffected by further acidification. Significant leaching losses of Mn and Zn were observed at pH values below 5.5 but losses of Fe were very small and those of Cu were not detectable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374613
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of lime and phosphorus applications on concentrations of available nutrients and on P, Al and Mn uptake by two pasture legumes in an acid soil (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 62 (1981), S. 117-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Al ; Available nutrients ; Ca ; K ; Lime ; Mg ; Mn ; Na ; P ; Pasture legumes ; Soil acidity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Effects of increasing rates of lime and phosphorus addition on concentrations of available nutrients in soil and on P, Al and Mn uptake by two pasture legumes, lotus (Lotus pedunculatus Cav.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.), were studied in a pot experiment using a highly leached acid (pH 4.2) soil. Liming resulted in an increase in exchangeable Ca and thus in percentage base saturation, with concomitant decreases in levels of exchangeable Al, Fe and Mn. The relationship between exchangeable Ca and Al was linear and negative with a gradient of almost unity. Liming had no consistent effect on measured CEC values. Increasing lime rates significantly reduced concentrations of Mg, K and Na in saturation paste extracts but had no effect on exchangeable Mg, K and Na levels. With increasing lime additions, available phosphate indicesviz water soluble, resin-, Morgan-and Williams-extractable all decreased significantly, Truog-extractable was unaffected, while Brayextractable generally increased. Fractionation revealed that lime additions caused a decrease in ‘easily soluble’, ‘Fe-bound’ and to a lesser extent ‘Ca-bound’ phosphate fractions, had no effect on ‘reductant soluble’ phosphate, but resulted in an increase in the ‘Al-bound’ fraction. P uptake and yield of both legumes increased with lime and P additions. Correlations between available phosphate indices and yield of both legumes were weak or nonsignificant. However, high, significant positive correlation coefficients were found between available phosphate and plant uptake of P. Indices of available Al and Mn were not generally significantly correlated with plant uptake of Al or Mn but significant negative correlations were found between available Al and Mn and yield of both species.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02205031
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An evaluation of the use of DTPA and EDTA as extractants for micronutrients in moderately acid soils (1983)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 74 (1983), S. 111-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acid soils ; Chelating agents ; Cu ; DTPA ; EDTA ; Fe ; Mn ; Zn
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The practice of buffering the pH of the extracting solution to neutrality or above when estimating available micronutrients with the 0.005M DTPA and 0.04M EDTA soil tests was studied using a number of soil samples from a liming experiment. Generally the soil constituted a better buffer system than the commonly used buffers (e. g. ammonium hydroxide, 1M ammonium acetate or 0.1M TEA). Raising the pH of extraction above that of the soil generally altered the quantitites of micronutrients extracted with 0.005M DTPA but had little effect on those extracted with 0.04M EDTA. In further experiments, using a number of acid soils, the effect of adjusting the pH of the extraction system, over the range 4.5 to 7.5, on the quantities of micronutrients extracted by 0.005M or 0.04M DTPA and EDTA was examined. For some soil samples the use of the 0.005M concentration of chalate resulted in a marked peak in extractable Mn, and to a lesser extent Cu, in the range 5 to 6. This was attributed to secondary interactions among cations, Al3+ and Fe3+ at low pH and added Ca2+ at high pH, affecting the quantities of micronutrients being extracted. For a sample of peat, the quantities of Zn, Cu and Mn extracted with 0.005M DTPA or EDTA behaved irregularly as the pH was increased. The strong complexing ability of organic matter may have contributed to such trends. Raising the concentration of the chelate from 0.005M to 0.04M overcame much of the pH-dependent variability in micronutrient extractability since the quantities extracted from all soils generally decreased with increasing pH. It was concluded that the 0.005M DTPA soil test is not suitable for use over a wide range of soil pH values; particularly where the availability of Mn and Cu are important.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02178746
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some observations on surface soil pH, base saturation and leaching of cations under three contrasting orchard soil management practices (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 56 (1980), S. 429-438 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ca ; Cation leaching ; Exchangeable bases ; K ; Mg ; Mn ; Na ; Soil management ; Soil pH
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Observations from a soil management trial conducted on a previously grassed down orchard showed that after 3 years the pH of the surface soil (0–10 cm) whether measured in distilled water or 1N KCl was significantly lowered in herbicided and cultivated treatments in comparison with plots under continued grass sod. The drop in pH was accompanied by a decrease in base saturation and a consequent increase in exchange acidity. This was attributed to the leaching of Ca and also Mg from the surface soil of the non-grassed plots. In a subsequent laboratory leaching study, cubic soil blocks (16 cm3) were leached with distilled water at two weekly intervals for 24 weeks. It was found that over the experimental period, the cumulative quantity of cations leached (in milli-equivalents) per soil block from the herbicided and cultivated treatments was approximately 3.5 times that leached from the grassed treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02143036
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Yield, root morphology and chemical composition of two pasture legumes as affected by lime and phosphorus applications to an acid soil (1981)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 62 (1981), S. 241-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Al ; Ca ; Lotus ; Mn ; N ; Nodulation ; P ; Pasture legumes ; Root morphology ; Soil pH ; White clover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Effects of increasing rates of lime (0, 900, 1725, and 3000 kg Ca(OH)2/ha producing soil pH of 4.0, 4.7, 5.1 and 5.6) and P (50, 150, 250 and 350 kg P/ha) on top and root yield, root morphology and chemical composition of lotus (Lotus pedunculatus Cav.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.), were studied, using an acid soil in a greenhouse experiment. Increasing rates of applied lime and phosphate resulted in substantial increases in top yields of both species but concomitant increases in root yield were small. In the unlimed soil, lotus out-yielded (tops and roots) white clover at all P levels. However, in the three limed treatments, white clover clearly out-yielded lotus. Yield response curves to applied P levelled off at the two highest lime rates for lotus but not for white clover. Nodulation and N content of white clover increased significantly with increasing lime applications, but for lotus there was a significant decrease in nodulation at the highest lime rate. Increased P rates had a small stimulatory effect on nodulation in both species. Of the total root weight, the percentage contribution of the tap and primary lateral root fractions was smaller and that of the secondary plus tertiary lateral roots was greater for lotus than for white clover although root length per unit weight tended to be larger for white clover at the two highest lime rates. Furthermore, lotus possessed longer and more numerous root hairs than white clover. Lime applications significantly decreased the percentage contribution of the tap and primary lateral roots to the total root weight and increased the percentage contribution of the secondary plus tertiary lateral roots. Al and Mn contents of tops and roots of both species decreased with increasing lime rates. There was a highly significant negative correlation between relative yield and Al content of lotus and white clover tops. In comparison with the limed treatments, in the unlimed treatments a greater percentage of total P, Al, Mn and N content accumulated in the roots of both species. In addition, lotus accumulated a much greater percentage Al in its roots than white clover.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374088
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