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  • Muscle architecture  (1)
  • Prenatal drug exposure  (1)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Maternal barbiturate administration and offspring response to shock (1985)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 85 (1985), S. 214-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Prenatal drug exposure ; Shock schedules ; Sprague-Dawley rat ; Offspring growth and development ; Activity ; Phenobarbital sodium ; Pentobarbital sodium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Gravid Sprague-Dawley-derived rats were injected SC twice daily with either 20 or 40 mg/kg pentobarbital sodium (PT), sodium phenobarbital (PH), or the same volume of the saline vehicle on days 9–21 of pregnancy. Pair-feeding was employed. Vital, developmental, and activity measures were obtained on the neonates and locomotor activity was measured from 3–10 months of age. Avoidance was measured sequentially in a shuttle box, and in an operant chamber beginning at 3 months of age. The PH-80 dams gained less weight over the gestational period, and PH-80 and PH-40 offspring had more neonatal deaths. These male offspring were hyperactive at maturity, and PH-80 rats were initially slower to escape experimenter-initiated shock. PT exposure caused transient neonatal and juvenile hyperactivity. PT rats performed more poorly on both the conditioned avoidance and Sidman shock schedules, and had significantly lower brain: body weight ratios at 1 year of age. All four drug groups outperformed the saline offspring on subject-initiated shock schedules (punishment). Sex of offspring was determined on postnatal day 4 and the sex ratio was shifted towards male births with both drugs relative to controls.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00428417
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sonographic studies of human soleus and gastrocnemius muscle architecture: gender variability (2000)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 82 (2000), S. 236-244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Key words Gastrocnemius ; Gender ; Muscle architecture ; Soleus ; Ultrasound
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this study was to establish if there are gender differences in muscle architecture in relaxed human soleus and gastrocnemius muscles of normal, live subjects. Ultrasonography was used to measure fiber bundle length, muscle thickness, and angles of pennation in a total of ten predetermined sites in the medial and lateral heads of gastrocnemius and the anterior and posterior soleus in 19 males and 16 females. Percentage differences between males and females for each parameter were recorded. Gender differences were statistically analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance. In the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles of males and females the differences between the overall fiber bundle length, angle of pennation and muscle thickness were statistically significant (P 〈 0.05). Overall, females were found to have longer average muscle fiber bundle length and males thicker muscles and larger angles of pennation. The greatest percentage differences of the architectural parameters between males and females were in the posterior soleus: 13% difference in fiber length and 26% difference in angle of pennation in the midline of posterior soleus and 26% difference in muscle thickness of the lateral part of posterior soleus. No correlation was found between leg length and fiber length, angle of pennation or muscle thickness. Fiber length (decreased), angle of pennation (greater) and muscle thickness (greater) of most parts of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles were significantly different in males and females. Leg length of males and females did not correlate to these architectural parameters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004210050677
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
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