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  • 1
    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Time resolved spectroscopy ; Near Infrared (NIR) spectroscopy ; System identification ; Frequency response analysis ; Pulse testing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Frequency response analysis via pulse testing is often used for the characterization of engineering systems. Near infrared-time resolved spectroscopy (NIR-TRS) is a frequently used technique for the analysis of biological system properties. Since the TRS input is a very sharp photon pulse, a well designed TRS input pulse can produce a multi-frequency response over the useful frequency range for the system identification. This new approach for analyzing NIR-TRS provides new optical system parameters (e.g., magnitude ratio and phase shift at multi-frequencies, system time constant, system order, and steady state gain) that are not available by traditional TRS spectra analysis. In this paper, the basic theory of pulse reduction is introduced for the multi-modulation frequency response of TRS spectra. Homogeneous system response with various absorption and scattering properties were analyzed for the multi-system parameters. In heterogeneous systems, the position of the localized absorber is correlated with the multi-parameters, which can ultimately be used to enhance medical imaging.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0736-0266
    Keywords: Electrical muscle stimulation ; Muscle contraction ; Muscle metabolism ; Phosphocreatine ; Phosphorous NMR ; Tourniquet ; Life and Medical Sciences
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: This study used phosphorous nuclear magnetic resonance (31P-NMR) spectroscopy to examine the metabolic demand resulting from electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) applied to human skeletal muscle. For each of six subjects, the forearm flexor muscle group was monitored with 31P-NMR during both maximum voluntary and 6-s EMS-induced contractions. A simple protocol using a tourniquet was added in one subject to assess the role of blood flow in this model. Eight hertz (nontetanic) EMS showed less (p 〈 0.025) depletion of phosphocreatine (36%) than did tetanic 70-Hz EMS (60%), voluntary isometric (66%), and voluntary isokinetic (68%). The results of the tourniquet studies suggested that the nontetanic EMS allowed relatively increased muscle blood flow and oxygen supply during contraction. Tetanic EMS provided a similar metabolic demand to that of conventional resistive exercise, as measured by 31P-NMR spectroscopy.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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