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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Improved visualization of the immunoreactive hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system by use of immuno-gold techniques (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 243 (1986), S. 193-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system ; Supraoptic nucleus ; Neurosecretory granules ; Neurophysins ; Lysosomes ; Immuno-gold techniques ; Double-immunolabeling ; Monoclonal antibodies ; Murids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural post-embedding immuno-gold techniques were applied to the supraoptic nucleus and the neurohypophysis of mice and rats. The primary antibodies were three different monoclonal antineurophysins, used in protein A-gold and immunoglobulin-gold procedures. Conventional plastic embedding as well as hydrophilic media (L.R. White) were used; non-osmicated and osmicated tissues were immunolabeled; sodium metaperiodate oxidation was used, but was not essential for immunolabeling. Vasopressinergic and oxytocinergic NSGs were identified by the specific immunoreactivity of their respective neurophysins on adjacent thin sections, and by sequential double labeling on the same thin section using two different antibodies associated with gold probes of different diameters. The immunoidentification indicates that vasopressin NSGs can additionally be differentiated as larger, with more electron-dense matrix, and susceptible to damage by sodium metaperiodate. The only organelles consistently labeled were neurosecretory granules (NSGs), either intact or within lysosomal configurations. Some lysosomal dense bodies were immunoreactive even when discrete NSGs were no longer morphologically recognisable within them. Labeled NSGs were located within neuronal cell bodies, along axonal shafts and within axonal swellings and endings; occasionally immunoreactive NSGs were observed within synaptic boutons. Labeling intensity was semi-quantitatively gauged by counting gold particles in relation to numbers of NSGs per axonal varicosity. The precise localisation achieved with particulate immunogold labeling surpasses that previously obtained with diffuse electron-dense immunoreaction products.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00221868
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of microglia and macrophages in the postnatal rat pituitary (1996)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 286 (1996), S. 347-355 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Microglia ; Macrophages ; Pituitary ; Neurohypophysis ; Adenohypophysis ; Phagocytosis ; Perivascular space ; Rat (Long Evans)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Microglia and macrophages, immunolabelled with F4/80 (which binds a 160-kDa plasmalemmal glycoprotein) and OX-42 (which labels the complement type 3 receptor, CR3), were identified in the neuro- and adenohypophyses, respectively, of postnatal rats from day 1 to adulthood. In the neurohypophysis, the numerical density (cells/mm2) of microglia increased from postnatal day 1 to day 7 but was then unchanged from the adult density. In the adenohypophysis, the numerical density of macrophages increased from postnatal day 1 to day 21. The increasing size of the pituitary meant that the total number of such cells increased rapidly in the neurohypophysis up to day 14, but was then essentially unchanged; in the adenohypophysis macrophages increased in proportion to the increasing size of the gland up to day 21. Proliferation of the mononuclear cells was analysed by the immunodetection of bromodeoxyuridine incorporation into the nuclei of microglia and macrophages. F4/80-immunoreactive cells incorporating bromodeoxyuridine were found on all the postnatal days studied. The proportion of such cells in the neurohypophysis was high from postnatal day 1 to day 14 and in the adenohypophysis was maximal on day 14, decreasing in both parts of the pituitary by day 21. The estimated total number of proliferating cells was maximal in both parts of the pituitary on day 14. In both parts, OX-42-immunoreactive cells were less numerous than F4/80-immunoreactive cells up to postnatal day 14; CR3 expression may therefore be associated with maturation of these cells. Neurohypophysial microglia increased in size to postnatal day 7, consistent with the assumption of a ’compact’ microglial morphology; adenohypophysial macrophages did not change in size over the postnatal period. Throughout the period studied, neurohypophysial microglia were significantly more densely distributed and larger in size than adenohypophysial macrophages. Neurohypophysial microglia phagocytose terminals of neurosecretory neurons from day 7, concurrent with the development of a distinct perivascular space. In the adenohypophysis, the perivascular space was present from birth and macrophages were not phagocytic. There are, therefore, considerable differences in the density, morphology and activity between the populations of myelomonocytic cells in the postnatal rat neuro- and adenohypophyses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050704
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fibrillar islet amyloid polypeptide (amylin) is internalised by macrophages but resists proteolytic degradation (1998)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 291 (1998), S. 285-294 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words Islet amyloid polypeptide ; Macrophages ; Amyloid ; Diabetes ; Lysosomes ; Macrosialin ; Phagocytosis ; Mouse (C34/HEH 101/H)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Pancreatic islet amyloid, formed from islet amyloid polypeptide, is found in 96% of Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients. Islet amyloidosis is progressive and apparently irreversible. Fibrils immunoreactive for islet amyloid polypeptide are found in macrophages associated with amyloid, suggesting that deposits can be phagocytosed. To determine the mechanism for the recognition and internalisation of fibrils, mouse peritoneal macrophages were cultured with fibrillar synthetic human islet amyloid polypeptide. Fibrils did not exert a cytotoxic effect over 72 h of culture. The uptake and degradation of fibrils was analysed by quantitative light-and electron-microscopic immunocytochemistry and immunoreactivity was detectable in 86±3% cells within 6 h of culture. Neither polyinosinic acid (200 µg/ml) nor nocodazole (10 µg/ml) inhibited fibril uptake, suggesting that internalisation is not blocked by poly-ions and is independent of microtubule assembly. Inhibition of pseudopodia formation by cytochalasin B blocked fibriI uptake. Fibril aggregates became condensed in lysosomes to form protofilaments and were resistant to intracellular proteolysis. Fibrils can be phagocytosed by macrophages in vitro but amyloid-associated factors may block the recognition of fibrils in vivo preventing the removal of islet amyloid in diabetes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004410050998
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunophenotypic evidence for distinct populations of microglia in the rat hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system (1995)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 280 (1995), S. 665-673 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Microglia ; Hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system ; Antigen-presenting cells ; Blood-brain barrier ; Phagocytosis ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat (Long Evans)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The morphology, distribution and immunophenotype of microglia throughout the adult rat hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system was examined. Four macrophage-associated antibodies (OX-42, F4/80, ED1 and ED2) were used; the expression of major histocompatibility complex antigens was investigated by use of antibodies against OX-6, OX-17 (MHC class II) and OX-18 (MHC class I). Three distinct types of microglia were identified. The first was located in the magnocellular nuclei; these ‘radially branched’ (‘ramified’) microglia had round cell bodies and long branched processes, and were strongly immunoreactive only for OX-42. The second was located outside the blood-brain barrier in the median eminence, pituitary stalk and neurohypophysis often close to blood vessels; these ‘compact’ microglia had irregular cell bodies and shorter processes, and were strongly labelled by OX-42 and F4/80, weakly labelled by OX-18, and generally unlabelled by ED1, ED2, OX-6 and OX-17. The third type was found in small numbers throughout the system at the surface of the neurvous tissue or around blood vessels; these ‘perivascular’ microglia were elongated cells with no branching processes, and were strongly labelled by ED1, ED2, OX-18, OX-6, OX-17 and F4/80 antibodies but showed variable OX-42 immunoreactivity. Cells in a perivascular location were heterogeneous with respect to their immunophenotype. The presence in the normal adult rat hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system of MHC class-II molecules (OX-6 and OX-17) on a sub-set of perivascular microglia suggests that these cells are capable of presenting antigen to T lymphocytes. The microglia, which lie on either side of the blood-brain barrier, are well placed to facilitate interaction between the immune and neuroendocrine systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318369
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunophenotypic evidence for distinct populations of microglia in the rat hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system (1995)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 280 (1995), S. 665-673 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Microglia ; Hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system ; Antigen-presenting cells ; Blood-brain barrier ; Phagocytosis ; Immunohistochemistry ; Rat (Long Evans)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The morphology, distribution and immunophenotype of microglia throughout the adult rat hypo- thalamo-neurohypophysial system was examined. Four macrophage-associated antibodies (OX-42, F4/80, ED1 and ED2) were used; the expression of major histocompatibility complex antigens was investigated by use of antibodies against OX-6, OX-17 (MHC class II) and OX-18 (MHC class I). Three distinct types of microglia were identified. The first was located in the magnocellular nuclei; these ’radially branched’ (’ramified’) microglia had round cell bodies and long branched processes, and were strongly immunoreactive only for OX-42. The second was located outside the blood-brain barrier in the median eminence, pituitary stalk and neurohypophysis often close to blood vessels; these ’compact’ microglia had irregular cell bodies and shorter processes, and were strongly labelled by OX-42 and F4/80, weakly labelled by OX-18, and generally unlabelled by ED1, ED2, OX-6 and OX-17. The third type was found in small numbers throughout the system at the surface of the nervous tissue or around blood vessels; these ’perivascular’ microglia were elongated cells with no branching processes, and were strongly labelled by ED1, ED2, OX-18, OX-6, OX-17 and F4/80 antibodies but showed variable OX-42 immunoreactivity. Cells in a perivascular location were heterogeneous with respect to their immunophenotype. The presence in the normal adult rat hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system of MHC class-II molecules (OX-6 and OX-17) on a sub-set of perivascular microglia suggests that these cells are capable of presenting antigen to T lymphocytes. The microglia, which lie on either side of the blood-brain barrier, are well placed to facilitate interaction between the immune and neuroendocrine systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00318369
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Granule populations in oxytocin and abnormal perikarya of the supraoptic nucleus of homozygous Brattleboro rats: Effects of colchicine administration (1985)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 241 (1985), S. 435-444 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretory granules ; Supraoptic nucleus ; Colchicine ; Oxytocin neurones ; Co-transmission ; Brattleboro rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Magnocellular neurones in the supraoptic nucleus of the homozygous Brattleboro rat, which are unable to produce vasopressin, were investigated by immunocytochemistry to identify both the oxytocin cells and the abnormal neurones, which in normal animals would produce vasopressin. The abnormal cell profiles were significantly more rounded than those of the oxytocin cells. Both cell types showed evidence of hyperactivity, but the Golgi apparatus was more extensive in the oxytocin cells, probably as a result of the failure of the abnormal cells to produce vasopressin and its neurophysin and the resultant reduction in hormone packaging. Neurosecretory granules (NSG) 160 nm in diameter were found in the oxytocin perikarya but were absent from the abnormal cell bodies. In addition, a population of small dense granules (SDG) 100 nm in diameter was observed in both types of neurone, in numbers equal to the NSG in oxytocin cells. Injection of a low, non-lethal dose of the axonal transport inhibitor colchicine resulted in a rapid and equal accumulation of both NSG and SDG in oxytocin perikarya and of SDG in the abnormal perikarya after one day. The effects of colchicine were reversed 2–3 days after administration. The SDG, which may contain a co-transmitter or co-hormone substance, are thus produced at a similar rate to NSG, and appear to be transported from the perikarya for subsequent release at the nerve endings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217191
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