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  • Physics  (9)
  • influenza virus  (1)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simple synthesis of sialyllactose-carrying polystyrene and its binding with influenza virus (1998)
    Springer
    Glycoconjugate journal 15 (1998), S. 1047-1054 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4986
    Keywords: glycopolymer ; influenza virus ; sialyllactose ; inhibitor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Glycoconjugate polystyrenes bearing sialyllactose moieties were prepared via a simple method from a mixture of α2-6 and α2-3 linked sialyllactose isomers of bovine milk origin. The reducing end of sialyllactose was converted to an amino function with ammonium hydrogen carbonate and then coupled with p -vinylbenzoyl chloride. The resulting styrene derivative substituted with sialyllactose via an amide linkage was polymerized with ammonium peroxodisulfate and N,N,N,N -tetramethylethylenediamine in water at 30 °C. The interaction of the glycopolymer with influenza A and B viruses was investigated by three different methods. The glycopolymer inhibited the hemagglutination of influenza A virus (PR/8/34) and its activity was 103 times higher than that of the oligosaccharide itself. The cytopathic effect of virus-infected MDCK (Madine-Darby canine kidney) cells was inhibited by the glycopolymer. The homopolymer showed 102 times higher inhibitory activity than naturally-occurring fetuin. It was also found that various viruses could be trapped by the glycopolymer adsorbed on a polystyrene surface. The inhibitory and trapping activities of the glycopolymers were correlated with the sialyl linkage specificities of the virus strains.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006960116583
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copolymerization of anhydroglucose and anhydromannose derivatives: Structure, reactivity, and conformational analyses (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 15 (1977), S. 913-926 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Phosphorus pentafluoride-catalyzed copolymerization of 1,6-anhydro-2,3,4-tri-O-(p-methylbenzyl)-β-D-glucopyranose (TXGL, monomer G) and 1,6-anhydro-2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-β-D-mannopyranose (TBMN, monomer M) appears to follow classical copolymerization theory. Reactivity ratios calculated by the procedure of Mayo and Lewis were rG = 0.90 ± 0.08, rM = 11.5 ± 0.80, from which sequence distributions were calculated. A conformational analysis of anhydro sugar polymerization is presented to explain differences in reactivity of monomers and their derived cations in polymerization and copolymerization. The polymers and copolymers were characterized by viscosity, 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy, optical rotation, and circular dichroism. The reaction gives stereoregular polymers as have other polymerizations and copolymerizations of this class.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1977.170150413
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Opening mode of acrolein in cationic copolymerization with styrene (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 15 (1977), S. 1503-1506 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1977.170150622
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymerization of propiolaldehyde. IV. Synthesis of a functional polymer having an ethynyl group (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 15 (1977), S. 1603-1608 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The cationic homopolymerization and copolymerization of propiolaldehyde were carried out with use of boron trifluoride etherate as an initiator at the temperatures of 0 to -78°C. Poly(ethynyl)oxymethylene was prepared by the homopolymerization at -78°C, but it was readily depolymerized to the monomer. The cationic copolymerization with styrene at -78°C proceeded almost exclusively through the aldehyde addition and a new functional copolymer was obtained. With a rise in polymerization temperature, the ethynyl addition was mixed slightly.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1977.170150708
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymerization of β-cyanopropionaldehydeThis paper was presented at the 14th Annual Meeting of the Society of Polymer Science. Tokyo, Japan, May 1-3, 1965. (1966)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-1: Polymer Chemistry 4 (1966), S. 907-916 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-296X
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new class of polyacetals, poly(cyanoethyl)oxymethylene, was obtained by the polymerization of β-cyanopropionaldehyde at -78°C. with use of ionic initiators including boron trifluoride diethyl etherate, diethylzinc, triethylaluminum, and triethylaluminumtitanium tetrachloride complexes. The influence of temperature, initiator, and solvent upon the polymerization was studied. Infrared spectra of polymers obtained from different initiators are also illustrated. An attempt was made to fractionate the polymer by means of solvent extraction. The acetone-soluble polymer is an elastomeric material having a low solution viscosity. The acetone-insoluble, dimethylformamide-soluble polymer obtained as a white powder was found to have extremely high solution viscosity. Some amounts of insoluble fraction could be also separated. The latter two fractions were observed to have a reasonable stability.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1966.150040416
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymerization of β-carbomethoxypropionaldehyde (1972)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-1: Polymer Chemistry 10 (1972), S. 3421-3428 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-296X
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: High molecular weight crystalline poly(carbomethoxyethyl)oxymethylene was prepared from β-carbomethoxypropionaldehyde with the use of organometallic compounds. The characterization, fractionation, x-ray analysis, and viscosity measurement were carried out. Degradation by hydrochloric acid gave a highly crystalline but soluble polymer of a lower molecular weight. It was interesting to note the high solubility character of the polymer in organic solvents in contrast to the poor solubility of the isomeric poly(acetoxyethyl)oxymethylene. From the relationship among the intrinsic viscosity, Huggins' constant, and the solubility parameter of solvent, the solubility parameter of the polymer was determined to be 9.3 (cal/ml)1/2.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1972.170101126
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymerization of β-cyanopropionaldehyde. IV. Polymerization by the adducts of β-cyanopropionaldehyde with triethylaluminum (1969)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-1: Polymer Chemistry 7 (1969), S. 1287-1294 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-296X
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Adducts (X, Y, and Z) between triethylaluminum and β-cyanopropionaldehyde (CPA) have been prepared and characterized. It was found that an equimolar amount of triethylaluminum undergoes Grignard type addition reaction with aldehyde group of CPA to give aluminum alkoxide and that another equimolar quantity of triethylaluminum undergoes coordination with the nitrile group of CPA (adduct X, in which the molar ratio of CPA to aluminum is 1:2). The coordinated triethylaluminum in adduct X may be changed to aluminum alkoxide by the addition of further equimolar amount of CPA (adduct Y, molar ratio = 1:1); on the other hand, heating at 130°C affords mixtures of aluminum aldimine and aluminum ketenimine structures (adduct Z, molar ratio = 1:2). From the cryoscopic measurement, adduct Z may be regarded as a coordinated polymer joined through bridged structures I and II. In the polymerization of CPA at -78°C, the stereoregularity of the resulting poly-(cyanoethyl)oxymethylene was found to increase in the order: X 〈 triethylaluminum 〈 Y 〈 Z. The polymerizations with triethylaluminum, X, and Y are considered to be initiated by NCCH2CH2CH(C2H5)—O—Al(C2H5)2. The degree of association of the species may influence the stereoregularity of the polymer.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1969.150070510
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymerization of β-cyanopropionaldehyde. XI. Formation of poly(vinyl alcohol)-type polymer catalyzed by cuprous cyanide (1972)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-1: Polymer Chemistry 10 (1972), S. 2479-2481 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-296X
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1972.150100823
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymerization of β-cyanopropionaldehyde. III. Polymerization by organoaluminum and by organoaluminum-titanium chloride complexes (1969)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-1: Polymer Chemistry 7 (1969), S. 925-934 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-296X
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The mechanism of formation and stereoregularity of poly(cyanoethyl)oxymethylene have been studied. The polymerization was carried out at -78°C with use of aluminum compounds [Al(C2H5)3, Al(C2H5)2Cl, Al(C2H5)Cl2, and AlCl3] and complex catalysts [Al(C2H5)3-TiCl4, Al(C2H5)3-TiCl3, and Al(C2H5)2Cl-TiCl3] as initiators. The stereoregularity of poly(cyanoethyl)oxymethylene was estimated from the optical density ratio, D1258/D1270, in the infrared absorption spectrum. Polymer yields were observed to depend upon the aluminum compound used as initiators, while the stereoregularity of the polymer was nearly independent of the particular aluminum compound used. As the catalyst ratio of titanium chloride to aluminum compound increased, the polymer yield was found to increase to a maximum and then to decrease with further increase of the ratio. It is supposed that titanium chlorides themselves increase the acid strength of aluminum compounds through chlorination, resulting in the change of the polymer yield. The highest stereoregularity of poly(cyanoethyl)oxymethylene was attained by increasing the molar ratio of titanium trichloride to aluminum and by treating β-cyanopropionaldehyde (CPA) with titanium trichloride prior to the polymerization. Complex formation of the nitrile group of CPA with titanium is considered responsible for the increase in stereoregularity. A propagation mechanism is also proposed.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1969.150070311
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymerization of β-cyanopropionaldehyde. II. Crystalline poly(cyanoethyl)oxymethylene (1967)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-1: Polymer Chemistry 5 (1967), S. 2247-2258 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-296X
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Additional investigation was made on the polymerization of β-cyanopropionaldehyde at -78°C. with triethylaluminum and triethylaluminum - titanium tetrachloride complexes as initiators. The complexes give a higher polymer yield than triethylaluminum alone. The yield - Ti/Al plot also has a maximum at a Ti/Al mole ratio of about 0.2 at constant Al(C2H5)3 concentration. The rate of polymerization seems to be increased in the following order: toluene 〈 methylene chloride 〈 tetrahydrofuran. This order is reversed with regard to the content of DMF-insoluble fraction mentioned below. The polymer obtained consists of two fractions: one is soluble in dimethylformamide (DMF) and the other is not. The former consists of an amorphous polymer and the latter of crystalline polymer. It was found that the infrared absorption bands at 790, 1258, and 1375 cm.-1 were characteristic of crystalline polymer and were assigned to crystalline bands. Those at 1270 and 1345 cm.-1 are characteristic of amorphous bands. The crystalline bands and C—O—C bands show very intense infrared dichroism, whereas the nitrile band does not. The crystal data obtained from the analysis of the x-ray diffraction pattern, including the fiber repeat distance of 4.95 A. and other unit cell dimensions in a triclinic system, were compared with those reported for various aldehyde polymers. The unit cell dimension a′ or the maximum interplanar distance is somewhat smaller, suggesting that the molecules are more tightly packed than poly(n-butyraldehyde), in which the side chain has the same carbon number as that of poly-(cyanoethyl)oxymethylene. Internal rotation angles and a radius of helix were calculated for an isotactic fourfold helical model of the polymer. Some other characterizations of the polymer were also made.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1967.150050904
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