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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (21)
  • Pudendal nerve terminal motor latency  (4)
  • chemoprevention  (4)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Unilateral pudendal neuropathy (1996)
    Springer
    Diseases of the colon & rectum 39 (1996), S. 249-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Keywords: Pudendal neuropathy ; Pelvic floor ; Fecal incontinence ; Computerized anal manometry ; Pudendal nerve terminal motor latency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract PURPOSE: Obstetric trauma and excessive defecatory straining with perineal descent may lead to pudendal neuropathy with bilateral increase in pudendal nerve terminal motor latencies (PNTML). We have frequently observed unilateral prolongation of PNTML. Diagnostic and therapeutic implications of unilateral pudendal neuropathy are discussed. METHODS: Records of 174 patients referred to pelvic floor laboratory for anorectal manometry and PNTML testing were reviewed. Computerized anal manometry was performed using dynamic pressure analysis, and PNTML was determined using a pudendal (St. Mark's) electrode. RESULTS: No response was elicited from pudendal nerves to electric stimulation from both sides in 14 patients (8 percent) and from one side in 24 patients (13.8 percent). Bilateral PNTML determination was possible in only 136 patients (78 percent), of whom 83 patients (61 percent) had no evidence of neuropathy, revealing normal PNTML on both sides. Of 53 patients (39 percent) with delayed conduction in pudendal nerves, in 15 patients (28 percent), PNTML was abnormally prolonged on both sides, with an abnormal mean value for PNTML. In the remaining 38 patients (72 percent), PNTML was abnormal on one side: in 27 patients with an abnormal mean PNTML and in 11 patients with a normal mean PNTML. CONCLUSIONS: A significant number of patients with pelvic floor disorders have only unilateral pudendal neuropathy. Patients with unilaterally prolonged PNTML should be considered to have pudendal neuropathy, despite normal value for mean PNTML. This fact may be relevant in planning surgical treatment and in predicting prognosis of patients with sphincter injuries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02049459
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distal rectoanal excitatory reflex: A reliable index of pudendal neuropathy? (1995)
    Springer
    Diseases of the colon & rectum 38 (1995), S. 916-920 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Keywords: Pudendal neuropathy ; Fecal incontinence ; Manometry ; Rectoanal excitatory reflex ; Pudendal nerve terminal motor latency ; Electromyography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract PURPOSE: Denervation of the extrinsic anal sphincter and pudendal neuropathy are confirmed by electrophysiologic or electromyographic testing, techniques that may not be available universally and require special equipment and training. A simple manometric test that is easy to perform and complements existing studies was performed to confirm pudendal neuropathy. METHODS: Fourteen patients with excessive defecatory straining and 30 patients with idiopathic fecal incontinence were studied by electrophysiology and balloon reflex manometry. Pudendal nerve terminal motor latency (PNTML) and rectoanal excitatory reflex were evaluated for abnormalities. Results were compared with 20 controls who had no anorectal complaints and who had similar testing performed. RESULTS: In controls, PNTML was normal in all but one person. Rectoanal excitatory reflex could be elicited in all controls with either 20 or 40 ml of air. Four different types of balloon reflex responses were observed in patient groups: diminutive excitation, delayed excitation, excitation at high volume of distention only, and absent excitation. Ten patients with fecal incontinence had normal PNTML but abnormal distal excitatory reflex, 5 patients had abnormal PNTML but normal distal excitatory reflex, and 15 patients had both PNTML and excitatory reflex that were abnormal. In patients with excessive defecatory straining, results of both tests were abnormal in six patients, and eight patients had abnormal excitatory reflex but normal PNTML. CONCLUSION: Pudendal neuropathy may result in abnormalities of excitatory reflex morphology or other characteristics. Abnormal distal excitatory reflex may complement electrophysiologic findings or may serve as a suitable alternative to confirm pudendal neuropathy in centers where facilities for formal testing are not available.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02049725
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pudendal neuropathy is the only parameter differentiating leakage from solid stool incontinence (1997)
    Springer
    Diseases of the colon & rectum 40 (1997), S. 1220-1227 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Keywords: Pudendal nerve terminal motor latency ; Incontinence ; Rectoanal excitatory reflex ; Manometry ; Pudendal neuropathy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract PURPOSE: Fecal incontinence may occur in several forms. Although some patients are grossly incontinent, other patients experience only leakage. In patients with gross incontinence, severity can range from the mildest forms (limited to loss of control of flatus) to the most severe forms (involving loss of solid stool). This study was undertaken to determine which physiologic parameters differentiate female patients with incontinence of solid stool from patients with control of formed stool and incontinence limited to seepage. METHODS: Thirty-eight consecutive female patients with a primary complaint of seepage or solid stool incontinence were evaluated using water perfusion manometry, balloon inflation assessment of rectal sensitivity, and pudendal nerve terminal motor latency. A prospectively maintained database was used for collection of data. The findings in the two patient groups were compared with patients in a group of normal control individuals. Ages of the women in the three groups were similar. RESULTS: Both groups of patients demonstrated statistically significant ( P 〈 0.05) decreases in rest and squeeze sphincter lengths, pressures, and pressure volumes compared with normal volunteers. The patients also had significantly more asymmetric high-pressure zones and hypersensitive rectums. No significant difference between the two groups of incontinent patients could be identified using any of these parameters. Significant differences between the groups were found in pudendal nerve function. The distal rectoanal excitatory reflex was abnormal in 58.1 percent of grossly incontinent women compared with 28.6 percent of patients with leakage ( P 〈 0.05). The majority of patients with leakage alone (65 percent) had normal pudendal nerve terminal motor latency, whereas only 22.6 percent of women with gross fecal incontinence had normal pudendal nerve terminal motor latency bilaterally ( P =0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Normal bilateral pudendal nerve function can partially compensate for abnormal sphincter symmetry and function, permitting women with grossly abnormal parameters to maintain control of bowel movements. It remains to be seen whether, with advancing age, patients with leakage will have development of slowed pudendal nerve conduction and, if so, whether their condition will progress to gross incontinence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02055168
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prospective comparative study of abnormal distal rectoanal excitatory reflex, pudendal nerve terminal motor latency, and single fiber density as markers of pudendal neuropathy (1996)
    Springer
    Diseases of the colon & rectum 39 (1996), S. 794-798 
    Details
    ISSN: 1530-0358
    Keywords: Pudendal neuropathy ; Single fiber density ; Pudendal nerve terminal motor latency ; Balloon reflex manometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract PURPOSE: This study was undertaken to determine the role of abnormal distal rectoanal excitatory reflex (RAER) as a marker of pudendal neuropathy and to compare results with pudendal nerve terminal motor latency (PNTML) and single fiber density (SFD) estimation. METHODS: Fifteen female patients (mean age, 47.1 (range, 20–70) years) referred to the pelvic floor laboratory with pelvic floor disorders (fecal incontinence, 13 patients; constipation, 2 patients) were evaluated prospectively with neurophysiologic tests and balloon reflex manometry for evidence of pudendal neuropathy. RESULTS: Pudendal nerve terminal motor latency provided evidence of pudendal neuropathy in ten patients (67 percent) and was normal in five patients (33 percent). Increased SFD confirmed denervation of the external anal sphincter in 12 patients (80 percent), being normal in 3 patients (20 percent). Distal RAER was abnormal in 13 patients (87 percent) and was normal in 2 patients (13 percent). In ten patients (67 percent), the three diagnostic modalities were in complete agreement, correctly identifying neuropathy in nine patients (60 percent) and excluding nerve damage in one patient (7 percent). Distal RAER was normal despite prolonged PNTML and increased SFD in one patient (7 percent). In two patients (13 percent), distal RAER was abnormal or absent despite normal PNTML and SFD. Pudendal nerve terminal motor latency was normal in the presence of abnormal distal RAER and increased SFD on electromyography in two patients (13 percent). CONCLUSIONS: Abnormal distal RAER compares favorably with current neurophysiologic tests used to diagnose pudendal neuropathy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02054446
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dietary retinoids and carotenoids in rodent models of mammary tumorigenesis (1997)
    Springer
    Breast cancer research and treatment 46 (1997), S. 181-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: breast cancer ; carcinogenesis ; carotenoids ; chemoprevention ; differentiation ; in vivo ; retinoids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In this review of the scientific literature the relationship between retinoids, carotenoids, and mammary carcinogenesis is examined. Several retinoids have shown promise as chemopreventive agents against chemically induced mammary carcinogenesis in mice and especially in rats. The most promising retinoids are retinyl acetate (RA) and N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4-HPR, fenretinide). In rats, dietary administration of these retinoids reduced tumor incidence and multiplicity, and increased the latency of DMBA or MNU-induced mammary cancers. In mice, 4-HPR reduced the number of hyperplastic alveolar nodules and the number of tumors in MTV- and MTV+ mice, respectively. Among retinoids, 4-HPR is at present the most promising analogue, due to its ability to concentrate in the mammary gland. The combination of 4-HPR with tamoxifen not only is more effective in suppressing breast cancer than either agent alone, but also inhibits the appearance of subsequent cancers following the surgical removal of the first tumor. These studies suggest that retinoids, like tamoxifen, may be applicable to the prevention of contralateral breast cancer in women who underwent breast cancer surgery. It is also becoming evident that differentiation therapy and chemoprevention can become attractive alternative approaches to intensive cytotoxic chemotherapy. The role of carotenoids in the prevention of mammary carcinogenesis, however, is ambiguous. Poor absorption and low levels of carotenoids that reach the target tissues complicate interpretation of data in rodent models of mammary carcinogenesis. Very few animal studies are presently available in which purified carotenoids were found effective against mammary carcinogenesis. These results do not justify undertaking clinical evaluation of individual carotenoids against breast cancer at this time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005995925246
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Laser-Raman spectroscopy of biomolecules. XI. Conformational study of poly(L-valine) and copolymers of L-valine and L-alanineBased on part of the Ph.D. thesis of C. S. Liu, department of chemistry, massachusetts institute of technology, august 1975. (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 17 (1978), S. 125-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Raman spectroscopic studies have been carried out on polymers of L-valine ranging in degree of polymerization (DP) from 2 to 930. The spectrum of the hexapeptide (DP = 6) is closely similar over the entire range 40-1750 cm-1 to those of polymers with much higher DP, and the structure is clearly shown to be that of the antiparallel pleated sheet (β-structure) by the amide I and III frequencies. The formation of a little α-helical structure occurs in polymers with DP above 500, although the amount does not appear to be a linear function of DP. The α-helical structure is unstable and readily destroyed in samples cast from trifluoroacetic acid solution. It is stabilized by the incorporation of L-alanine, a strong helix-former; polymers of the latter may in turn be forced into a α-structure in copolymers sufficiently rich in L-valine.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1978.360170110
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ESR measurements during γ-radiation induced solid-state polymerization of 1,3,5-trithianeThis work was supported by the National Science Foundation. (1976)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 177 (1976), S. 835-843 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Während der durch γ-Strahlen ausgelösten Festkörperpolymerisation von 1,3,5-Trithian zu Polythiomethylen wurden ESR Spektren aufgenommen. Die Reaktion wurde bei mehreren Temperaturen, jeweils unter Luft und N2, durchgeführt. Während die ursprüngliche Kinetik in beiden Fällen zweiter Ordnung ist, wird bei den höchsten Temperaturen unter Luft eine niedrigere Ordnung beobachtet. Massenspektrographische Ergebnisse zeigen spontane Zersetzung unter diesen Hochtemperaturverhältnissen. Es wird geschlossen, daß der beobachtete Peak bei Auftragung der Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit gegen die Temperatur auf den Beginn des spontanen Kettenabbruchs zurückzuführen ist.
    Notes: The time-dependences of ESR spectra were measured during the γ-radiation induced solid-state polymerization of 1,3,5-trithiane to polythiomethylene. The reaction was carried out at several temperatures, both under air and under N2. The initial reaction kinetics are second order, but become of lower order at the highest temperatures under air. Mass spectrographic results indicate spontaneous degradation under these high temperature conditions. It is concluded that an observed peak in reaction rate with temperature derives from the onset of spontaneous chain termination.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1976.021770321
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and characterization of poly(dimethylsiloxane) based liquid crystals (1986)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 187 (1986), S. 2909-2931 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A novel set of low molecular weight copolymers have been synthesized which were based on the attachment of mesogenic groups to the terminal points of oligomer backbones. The placement of the groups at the end of the chains apparently allowed a second phase to form more easily than if the groups were attached along the backbone as pendant groups. The nature of the coupler or spacer was determined to influence whether the end groups crystallized or formed liquid crystallinity. The observation of liquid crystallinity was found to depend primarily on the relative concentration of mesogen to backbone molecular weight. Depending upon the specific coupler, there existed two critical values of molecular weight between which mesophase behavior was observed. Below a certain value, the end groups were found to crystallize. Above another critical value, there was no measureable second phase. Liquid crystallinity was only observed when the molecular weight was intermediate between the two critical values.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1986.021871217
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of pressure in capillary flow of polystyrene (1971)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 9 (1971), S. 463-482 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Several corrections possibly required for capillary flow are based on the existence of a linear relationship between the pressure drop along the capillary and the length-to-diameter ratio at a given temperature and shear rate. Recently, the appearance of nonlinearities in this relationship has created some concern as to the cause of this behavior. The occurrence and an explanation of the nonlinearities for polystyrene form the basis of this study. A narrow-distribution, low molecular weight (20,400) polystyrene was tested in eight capillaries at temperatures of 140 and 160°C to initiate the discussion of the nonlinearity in a ΔP (pressure) versus L/D (length/diameter of capillary) plot. The sample exhibits negligible extrudate swelling at all pressures which reinforces the idea that pressure is influencing the flow. The pressure dependence of viscosity is determined using the equivalent expression of the WLF equation derived from free volume theory. Justification for its use is presented. A pressure correction, representing the increased shear stress necessary for flow of the higher viscosity material, is found to linearize the ΔP versus L/D data. A narrow-distribution, high molecular weight polystyrene (670,000) is subjected to a similar analysis at 165°C by using nine capillaries. The situation is quite different, as the high molecular weight sample is not nearly as ideal as the low molecular weight polystyrene.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1971.160090307
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of the pressure coefficient and pressure effects in capillary flow (1971)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A-2: Polymer Physics 9 (1971), S. 731-745 
    Details
    ISSN: 0449-2978
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: General expressions for determining the pressure coefficient and axial distribution of the viscosity and pressure in capillary flow are derived for Newtonian and shear-thinning fluids. The pressure-dependent viscosity model is obtained from the WLF equation as derived from Doolittle's free volume theory. The model has also been derived from Eyring's hole theory for viscosity. Poiseuille's equation is modified to correct for the pressure effect on viscosity. A Newtonian, low-molecular-weight polystyrene and a shear-thinning, high-molecular-weight polystyrene were tested in an Instron capillary rheometer. The axial velocity distribution was found to be negligibly affected by pressure whereas the viscosity was shown to increase markedly with a decrease in volume. The resulting pressure effects on the viscosity of both samples were analyzed by using the derived expressions.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1971.160090412
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