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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (7)
  • morphological changes  (1)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of antifungal activity of antimycotics by automatic analyzing system (1992)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 118 (1992), S. 71-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Antifungal activity ; antimycotics ; automatic analyzer ; dynamic growth process ; single hypha ; minimum inhibitory concentration ; morphological changes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Antifungal activity of several antimycotics has been evaluated using an automatic analyzing system (AAS), which is composed of a specially designed reaction vessel, microscopic observation system, image analyzing system, and computer program for automatic tracing of hypha growth. The agar plate was prepared on the ceiling of the reaction vessel, and spore mass of a fungus (Aspergillus niger) was inoculated onto it. After the preincubation at 28 °C for 24 h the reaction vessel was set on a microscope stage and connected to the liquid flow system. An appropriate hypha was selected for the measurement of growth process during the following steps: first contact with saline for 30 min for the adaptation, the second contact with same saline for 30 min, contact with saline containing an antimycotic substance for 60 min, and contact with flushing saline for 60 min. During a sequence of these steps, the apical tip of a growing hypha displayed on a TV monitor was followed automatically. The dynamic response of hypha to an agent was analyzed by several parameters. Morphological changes of the hypha caused by respective agents were recorded on VTR for further analysis. By using this system, the antifungal activity of antimycotics could be quantitatively determined within several hours.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00442534
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coagulation of polymer-Cu2+ complexes in polymer films and its application for producing semiconducting CuI surface layers (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 23 (1979), S. 2279-2291 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: In poly(vinyl alcohol) and polyacrylamide films containing the corresponding polymer-Cu2+ complexes, the reason why the films may gain surface electrical semiconductivity as high as 10-3 Ω-1 when treated with acetone solution of iodine was investigated. Optical and scanning electron microscope observations indicated that the coagulated polymer-Cu2+ complexes favor the appearance of the high conductivity and that the state of coagulation depends on the anions of the copper salts used as well as two parameters, F1 ≡ [Cu2+]/[MU] and F2 ≡ [OH-]/[Cu2+], where [MU] is the molar concentration of monomeric units of the polymer and [OH-] is that of hydroxide ions added. The effectiveness of the anions in causing coagulation decreases in the order of SO42- 〉 Cl- 〉 NO3- ≈ Br-. The whitish substance that appears on the film surface after the iodine treatment gives x-ray Debye-Scherrer rings characteristic of γ-CuI. The γ-CuI surface layer adheres to the film rather firmly, at least in polyacrylamide, and is responsible for the conductivity. By controlling the state of coagulation of the complexes and hence the formation of the γ-CuI surface layer, we have produced films with anisotropic surface electrical semiconductivity, i.e., σ∥ ≈ 10-4 Ω-1 and σ∥/σ⊥ = 1 ˜ 103. Optical and ESR spectra are also obtained to understand the mechanism of γ-CuI formation and to clarify the optical properties of the films.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070230807
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photoconductivity of poly(vinyl alcohol) films with Fe3+ complexes and ESR study of their structures (1981)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 26 (1981), S. 1659-1674 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: We have studied whether photoconductivity is observed in polymer films containing the first transition metal complexes. Polymers investigated were poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), polyacrylamide, poly(acrylic acid), poly(vinyl pyrrolidone), and polyethylene glycol. Transition metal salts used were CrCl3, MnCl2, FeCl3, CoCl2, NiCl2, FeBr3, Fe(NO3)3, Fe2(SO4)3, and Fe(ClO4)3. Only in the PVA-FeCl3 film was relatively large photoconductivity due to the photoreduction of Fe3+ observed. ESR spectra indicate that an Fe3+ ion is chelated with two in-plane OH residues of PVA and coordinated with three Cl-ions on the meridian. UV irradiation causes an electron transfer from Cl- to Fe3+. The produced chlorine atom extracts an electron from the oxygen of a neighboring OH residue. The unpaired electron thus formed can move from one oxygen to another through hydrogen bonding. In other words, the photoconductivity is due to holes produced in the network of PVA hydrogen bonding by the reduction of Fe3+. Finally, we have tried to explain why the photoconductivity is observed only in the PVA-FeCl3 film.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1981.070260521
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An ESR study of polymer-Cu(II) complexes in poly(vinyl alcohol), polyacrylamide, and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) films (1978)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 16 (1978), S. 1801-1815 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Optical and ESR spectra of polymer-Cu(II) complexes in polymer films have been studied. The dependence on F1 = [Cu2+]/[MU] and F2 = [OH-]/[Cu2+], where [MU] is the molar concentration of monomeric units of the polymer, has been obtained. Optical spectra and potentiometric titration curves in solution have also been studied. There exists a buffer region 0 ≲ F2 ≲ 2. Optical spectra in films are slightly different from those in solutions. At least five different ESR signals, designated as A, B, C or D, and E, have been found in poly(vinyl alcohol)-Cu(II). These signals appear successively with increasing F2. Assignments are proposed as follows. Signal A (F2 ≈ 0), also found in poly(acrylamide)-Cu(II) and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)-Cu(II), is due to a single Cu(II) coordinated with two water molecules and chelated with two oxygens or nitrogens attached to the polymer. A chain of Cu(II) ions singly and double bridged with OH- ions is responsible for the B signal (F2 ≈ 1). The C and D signals (F2 ≈ 2) appear to be caused, respectively, by a dimeric Cu(II) complex singly or doubly bridged with OH- ions. The E signal (F2 ≈ 7) appears to be due to a monomeric Cu(II) complex, different from that responsible for the A signal.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1978.180161008
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Semiconducting organic polymer from polyacrylamide-Cu++ chelate and iodine (1977)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 15 (1977), S. 2303-2309 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Semiconducting organic polymer was obtained by the modification of polyacrylamide (PAAm)-Cu++ chelate with iodine in acetone. Favorable conditions for preparing the chelate effective for the conduction were investigated. Surface resistivities were affected by the amounts of cupric salts and iodine, satisfactory results being given by about 25 wt % of the salts based on PAAm and more than 1 wt % of iodine on the chelate. The conductivity was also varied with the degree of neutralization of the chelate in solution, and optimal values were obtained by addition of about an equimolar amount of potassium hydroxide to cupric salts. Effective structures of the polymer chelate in solution were assumed on the basis of the visible and the NMR spectra and potentiometric titration.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1977.170151002
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new semiconductor from polyacrylamide-Cu++ chelate and iodine (1976)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition 14 (1976), S. 407-408 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6384
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1976.130140705
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photoconductivity of poly(vinyl alcohol) films containing Cu2+ complexes (1980)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition 18 (1980), S. 877-890 
    Details
    ISSN: 0098-1273
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Photoconductivity has been measured in well-dried poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVAl) films containing Cu2+ complexes prepared by treatment with Cu(NO3)2, CuSO4, CuCl2, and CuBr2. When the ratio [Cu2+]/[MU] ([MU] denoting the concentration of PVAl monomer residues) is greater than 0.015, illumination at the charge-transfer (UV) band produces a strong photocurrent in PVAl-CuCl2 and PVAl-CuBr2, but not in PVAl-Cu(NO3)2 or PVAl-CuSO4. Optical absorption spectra suggest that two halide ions enter the first coordination sphere in the cis configuration. The temperature dependence of ESR indicates the existence of antiferromagnetic superexchange interaction via intervening halide ions. Hence, there exists a network structure of the PVAl-CuCl2 or PVAl-CuBr2 complex. The dependence of the photocurrent on the polarity of the illuminated electrode shows that the majority of carriers are holes. Holes in the network structure produced by charge transfer from halogen to Cu2+ ions are concluded to be responsible for the photoconduction.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1980.180180419
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new organic semiconducting polymer from Cu2+ chelate of poly(vinyl alcohol)and iodine (1979)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Chemistry Edition 17 (1979), S. 313-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A new, easily processed, organic semiconductor was prepared from poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA). The Cu2+ chelate of PVA exhibited excellent surface resistivity around 103 Ω cm-2 when modified with iodine. Favorable conditions for preparing the chelate effective for the conduction were investigated. The resistivity was significantly affected by the amounts of cupric salts and iodine, satisfactory results being given by more than 15 wt% of cupric salts and about 4 wt% of iodine. Effects of molecular weight of PVA and the chelate structure were also studied.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pol.1979.170170202
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