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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of the hydrocarbon condensation polymerisation reaction by means of model compounds. I. The reaction with n-alkyl-bromides (1972)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 152 (1972), S. 121-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Bildung von Copolymeren durch Reaktion von α-Methylstyrol (M) in Tetrahydrofuran mit Lithium in Gegenwart von Dihalogenalkanen (RX2) wird beschrieben. Der Einfluß der experimentellen Parameter auf die Struktur der Copolymeren wird untersucht, wobei das Dihalogenid durch das entsprechende Monohalogenid ersetzt ist. Die Untersuchung beschränkt sich auf n-Alkylbromide. Die relativen Mengen an HR-RH und HRMnRH mit n = 1, 2 und 3 wurden gaschromatographisch bestimmt. Es wurde gezeigt, daß die Reaktion diffusionkontrolliert abläuft und daß die Geschwindigkeit der Lithium-oberfläche proportional ist. Bei einem molaren Ausgangsverhältnis von Monomerem zu Monohalogenid von 1 : 1 (entsprechend einem Verhältnis von 2 : 1 für das SystemMonomeres/Dihalogenid) wurden ca. 90% HRM2RH gefunden. Dies zeigt, daß unter den gegebenen Bedingungen ein sehr einheitliches Copolymeres mit der vorherrschenden Sequenz [M-M-R] entsteht. Das System ist sehr empfindlich gegenüber einer Änderung des Ausgangsverhältnisses der Komponenten. Geringe Abweichungen vom molaren Verhältnis 1 : 1 bewirken eine starke Verringerung der Ausbeute an Dimeren.
    Notes: The title polymerisation involves the reaction in tetrahydrofuran of α-methylstyrene (M) with lithium in the presence of an alkyl dihalide (RX2) to form copolymers. This paper describes a method of studying the effect of changing the experimental parameters on the structure of these copolymers by replacing the dihalide with the corresponding monohalide (HRX). The study is confined to n-alkyl bromides and the relative amounts of the molecules HR-RH and HRMnRH (where n = 1, 2, and 3) have been determined by g.l.c. By this means it is shown that the reaction is diffusion controlled and the rate proportional to lithium surface area. At 1 : 1 monomer : monohalide stoichiometry (equivalent to 2 : 1 monomer : dihalide in the polymer system) the product is ∼ 90% HRM2RH indicating that the copolymer under these conditions is highly regular with the repeat unit [M-M-R] predominating. The system is extremely sensitive to the reactant ratio and small deviations from stoichiometry result in significant reductions in dimer yield.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1972.021520113
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of the hydrocarbon condensation polymerisation reaction by means of model compounds. II. The reaction of with n-alkyl chlorides and iodides, and sec- and tert-alkyl bromides (1972)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 152 (1972), S. 133-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Darstellung von Copolymeren durch Reaktion von α-Methylstyrol (M) in Tetrahydrofuran mit Lithium in Gegenwart von Dihalogenalkanen (RX2) wird untersucht. Die Verwendung von Monohalogenalkanen (RX) führt zu kleinen Molekülen, deren Mengenverhältnisse über den Polymerisationsprozeß und die Struktur der Copolymeren Aufschluß geben. Diese Arbeit beschreibt die Ergebnisse bei Verwendung von n-Alkyljodiden, -chloriden und sec- und tert-Bromiden.n-Alkyljodide verhalten sich ähnlich wie n-Alkylbromide (Teil I). Beim molaren Verhältnis 1 : 1 von Monomeren: Halogenid wird das Dimere HRM2RH in hohen Ausbeuten erhalten. n-Alkylchloride dagegen geben zahlreiche zusätzliche Produkte unter diesen Bedingungen. Die Analyse ihrer Struktur zeigte, daß sie durch Reaktion mit n-Alkyllithium entstehen, das seinerseits durch Reaktion des n-Alkylchlorids mit Lithium gebildet wird. Das unterschiedliche Reaktionsverhalten der Halogenide wird durch die relativ hohe Bindungsstärke der C-Cl-Bindung erklärt. Hieraus folgt, daß Copolymere, die mit Dichloriden als einer Komponente dargestellt werden, weniger einheitlich aufgebaut sind als solche, die aus Dibromiden gewonnen werden. sec- und tert-Bromide führen ebenfalls zu sahlreichen Produkten bei äquimolarem Umsatz mit α-Methylstyrol. Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß dies auf die β-Elirninierung von Wasserstoff zurückzuführen ist. Bei tert-Bromiden tritt die Wasserstoff-Eliminierung am deutlichsten auf, die zu 60% für den Abbruch des Dimeren verantwortlich ist.
    Notes: The title polymerisation involves the reaction in tetrahydrofuran of α-methylstyrene (M) with lithium in the presence of an alkyl dihalide (RX2) to form copolymers. Replacement of the dihalide by the analogous monohalide RX gives small molecules, the relative amounts of which furnish information on the polymerisation process and the resulting structures of the copolymers. This paper describes the use of n-alkyl iodides and chlorides, and sec- and tert-bromides in this regard.n-Alkyl iodides were found to behave in a similar manner to n-alkyl bromides (Part I) with high yields of the dimer HRM2RH being obtained at 1 : 1 M stoichiometry. On the other hand, n-alkyl chlorides gave a variety of additional products under these conditions and a structural analysis of these materials showed that they resulted from reactions involving n-alkyl lithium which was formed by the chloride reacting directly with the lithium. This difference in behaviour is explained in terms of the high strength of the carbon-chlorine bond and implies that copolymers prepared with dichlorides are less regular than those obtained with dibromides.sec- and tert-bromides also gave a variety of products at equimolar stoichiometry and this was shown to be due to the β-hydrogen elimination reaction becoming significant. Elimination was most prominent with the tert-bromides, accounting for about 60% of der termination reaction of the dimer.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1972.021520114
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rapid assessment of weathering stability from exposure of polymer films. III. Relative weathering stability of ABS and arylon, a related polymer blend (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 1181-1185 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Arylon, a blend of an aromatic polysulfone and a terpolymer of acrylonitrile-butadiene and α-methylstyrene, weathers similarly to ABS. However its first-order rate constant for the loss of unsaturation is only 0.39 cm2(Wh)-1 as against 0.80cm 2(Wh)-1 for ABS. This slower weathering is probably caused by the decrease in light intensity penetrating Arylon compared with ABS as a result of the high degree of light scattering observed in the former.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1974.070180416
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rapid assessment of weathering stability from exposure of polymer films. I. Real and simulated weathering of commercial ABS terpolymers (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 1159-1171 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Changes in the infared transmission spectra of thin films were used to follow the natural and artificial weathering of ABS terpolymers. Photo-oxidation of the polybutadiene moiety, which is the major process involved, occurs only after a well-defined amount of ultraviolet energy has been absorbed. Therafter, unsaturation decreases in a first-order manner with respect to UV energy absorbed. Under artificial conditions with constant UV intensity, energy absorbed is synonymous with time, but this is not so in natural exposure because of the variability of solar energy and its UV content. The method permits rapid comparison of commercial grades of ABS with the advantage of using natural conditions. It has been shown that pigmentation (3.6 phr brown and 1.25 phr carbon black) increases weathering stability two- and fourfold respectively, as assessed by induction energy and rate of disappearance of unsaturation.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1974.070180414
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A world-wide program for the continuous monitoring of solar UV radiation using poly(phenylene oxide) film, and a consideration of results (1976)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 20 (1976), S. 1165-1174 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The use of poly(phenylene oxide) film to monitor UV radiation is demonstrated, and the results from the continuous monitoring of solar UV radiation at 24 sites throughout the world are presented. The global and diffuse measurements from a temperate and from a tropical site are analyzed in detail, and the effects of season and weather conditions on the UV contribution to solar radiation and the relative importance of the diffuse and direct components of solar UV are discussed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1976.070200503
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rapid assessment of weathering stability from exposure of polymer films. II. The effectiveness of different regions of the solar spectrum in degrading an ABS terpolymer (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 18 (1974), S. 1173-1179 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A simple and rapid method has been developed to determine the relative effectiveness of the different regions of the solar spectrum in weathering a polymer. The method is based on measuring the rate of degradation of the polymer in film form, exposed outdoors under a range of materials which transmit different amounts of solar UV. The stability of an unpigmented ABS terpolymer has been examined using this method. It has been shown that the relatively small amount of solar radiation in the range of 295-340 nm accounts for 41% of the total degradation process. Longer wavelengths are shown to be progressively less effective; wavelengths greater than 450 nm (which account for nearly 90% of the total energy of the solar spectrum) contribute less than 5% to the degradation process.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1974.070180415
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The electron irradiation stability of polysulphone (1969)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 129 (1969), S. 63-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Verglichen mit anderen Polymeren, sind Polysulfone gegenüber Bestrahlung mit Elektronen besonders beständig, wie hier gezeigt werden konnte. Das äußert sich in der Erhaltung mechanischer Eigenschaften wie der Biegefestigkeit und des Moduls, selbst nach Dosen von 200 Mrad.Dennoch erzeugt die Bestrahlung mit Elektronen tiefgreifende Änderungen in der chemischen Struktur. Das Molekulargewicht des Polymeren steigt, und es geliert nach 80 Mrad. Dosen größer als 200 Mrad geben einen konstanten Gelgehalt von 70%, woraus folgt, daß sowohl Spaltungs- als auch Vernetzungsvorgänge wichtig sind. G-Werte für Spaltung und Vernetzung wurden mit 0,08 bzw. 0,16 bestimmt.Die Entfärbung von Diphenylpikrylhydrazyl-Lösungen durch Lösungen von bestrahltem Polysulfon zeigten das Anwachsen von Gruppen mit aktivem Wasserstoff. Diese wurden als phenolische Gruppen erkannt.Der medrige G-Wert für das Gesamtgas (0,01) zeigt die Beständigkeit des Polysulfons an, aber die Zusammensetzung des Gases legt nahe, daß die drei Brückenbindungen zwischen den Phenylenringen, nämlich die Sulfon-, Äther- und Isopropylidenbrücke, durch die Bestrahlung angegriffen werden. Mögliche Reaktionen dieser Brückenbindungen und Vorgänge, welche die experimentellen Beobachtungen erklären, werden vorgelegt und erörtert.
    Notes: It has been shown that polysulphone is particularly stable to electron irradiation compared with other polymer systems. This was reflected in the retention of mechanical properties (flexural strength and modulus) even after doses of 200 Mrads.However electron irradiation produces significant changes in the chemical structure. The polymer increased in molecular weight and gelled after 80 Mrads. Doses greater than 200 Mrads gave a constant gel content of about 70 per cent indicating that scission as well as crosslinking processes were important. G values for scission and crosslinking were calculated to be 0.08 and 0.16 respectively.The discolouration of diphenyl picryl hydrazyl solutions by solutions of irradiated polysulphone indicated the accumulation of groups containing an active hydrogen. These groups were deduced to be phenolic.The low G value for total gas (0.01) indicates the stability of polysulphone but the gas composition suggests that the three linkages, sulphone, ether and isopropylidene between the phenylene rings are affected by irradiation. Possible reactions involving these linkages and the processes which may account for the experimental observations are advanced and discussed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1969.021290106
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal Stability of Polysulphone (1969)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 128 (1969), S. 242-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Polysulfon, das aus 2.3-Bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propan und 4.4′-Dichlordiphenylsulfon hergestellt wurde, zersetzt sich beim Erhitzen auf 380°C i. Vak. Das Molekulargewicht steigt mit der Erhitzungsdauer an, bis nach etwa 3 Stdn. Gelierung eintritt. Es wird gezeigt, daß neben Vernetzungsreaktionen auch Spaltungsreaktionen auftreten. Der Abbau wird von Gasentwicklung - zumeist SO2 und CH4 — begleitet. Außer Phenol - als nicht gasförmiges Hauptabbauprodukt - werden substituierte Diphenyläther und viele andere Phenole erhalten. Lösungen der abgebauten Polymeren reagieren mit Diphenylpikrylhydrazyl (DPPH) und zeigen an, daß mit zunehmender Erhitzungsdauer die Zahl der Hydroxylgruppen ansteigt. Die Art der Abbauprodukte ergibt, daß die Äther-, Isopropyliden- und Sulfongruppen in die Abbaureaktionen einbezogen werden. Die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeitskonstanten für die Vernetzungsreaktion, die Spaltungsreaktion, die Bildung von Hydroxylgruppen und die Gasentwicklung wurden bestimmt. Es wird diskutiert, welchen möglichen Reaktionen diese Prozesse unterliegen.
    Notes: Polysulphone, prepared from 2.2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane and 4.4′-dichlorodiphenyl sulphone, degrades when heated at 380°C i. vac. The mol. wt. increases with time of heating until after about 3 hrs gelation occurs. In addition to crosslinking scission processes have been shown to be important. Degradation is also accompanied by the evolution of gas - mainly SO2 and CH4. Other products include a number of substituted diphenyl ethers, phenol, the major non gaseous product, and a variety of other phenols. Solutions of the degraded polymers react with DPPH and suggest the accumulation of hydroxyl groups with time of heating. The range of products indicates that the ether, isopropylidene and sulphone groups linking the phenylene rings are involved in the degradation. The rates of the crosslinking, scission, hydroxyl accumulation and gas evolution processes have been evaluated and the possible reactions underlying these processes discussed.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1969.021280123
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dimerisation and trimerisation of 2,4 tolylene di-isocyanate (1963)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 66 (1963), S. 196-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: 2,4-Toluoldiisocyanat kann ein Dimeres (TDID) und cin Trimeres (TDIT) bilden. Bei der Polymerisation in Substanz im Temperaturbereich von 40 bis 100°C gilt für die Anfangsgeschwindigkeiten Bei jeder Temperatur blieb die Trimerisierungsgeschwindigkeit im untersuchten Umsetzungsbereich im großen und ganzen konstant, während die Dimerisierungsgeschwindigkeit allmahlich auf Null absank. Die Gleichgewichtskonzentrationen von TDID bei 78 und 100°C waren 8,5 bzw. 7,1%. Unter den Versuchsbedingungen kamen 1. nur die sich von der Isocyanatgruppe in 4-Stellung ergebenden Oligomere bei der Di- und Trimerisation in Betracht, und 2. war die Trimerisierungs- von der Dimerisierungsreaktion unabhängig. Nimmt man für die Kinetik der Dimerisation den Vorgang an, so erhält man für Nach den Ergebnissen spielt die Di- und Trimerisierung von 2,4-TDI bei der Herstellung der Polyurethane keine groß Rolle. Indessen konnen sich bei langer Lagerung und erhohter Temperatur merkbare Mengen an TDID und TDIT bilden, so daß es wichtig ist, die Reinheit des Isocyanats unmittelbar vor Gebrauch zu bestimmen.
    Notes: 2,4 tolylene di-isocyanate can form a dimer (TDID) and a trimer (TDIT). For bulk polymerisation at temperatures in the range 40°C. to 100°C. the initial rates of these processes are given by the expressions, At each temperature the rate of trimerisation remained essentially constant over the conversion range examined, but the rate of dimerisation decreased gradually to zero. The equilibrium concentrations of TDID at 78°C. and 100°C. were 8.5 per cent and 7.1 per cent respectively.Experimental evidence indicated that under the conditions examined (i) only oligomers resulting from interaction between isocyanate groups in the 4-position were important in dimerisation and trimerisation, and (ii) the trimerisation process was independent of the dimerisation process.Assuming the kinetics of dimerisation to be represented by This investigation shows that the dimerisation and trimerisation of 2,4-TDI are not important competing processes in the cure of a polyurethane. However as appreciable amounts of TDID and TDIT can be formed as a result of prolonged storage at elevated temperatures it is important that the purity of the isocyanate is determined immediately before use.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1963.020660119
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The catalytic effect of ferric acetyl acetonate on the rates of dimerisation and trimerisation of 2,4-tolylene-diisocyanate (1964)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 77 (1964), S. 185-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Anfangsgeschwindigkeit der durch Eisenacetylacetonat (FeAA) katalysierten Dimerisierung und Trimerisierung von 2,4-Tolylendiisocyanat wird durch folgende Gleichungen wiedergegeben: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$\frac{{\rm {d[TDID]}}} {{\rm {dt}}} = 3.8 \cdot 10^8 \rm{ }[\rm {FeAA] exp }\frac{{\rm { - 19,500}}} {{\rm {RT}}}\rm {moles ml}^{\rm { - 1}} \sec ^{ - 1} $$\end{document} \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$\frac{{\rm {d[TDIT]}}} {{\rm {dt}}} = 1.23 \cdot 10^3 \rm{ }[\rm {FeAA] exp }\frac{{\rm{ - 10,500}}} {{\rm {RT}}}\rm {moles ml}^{\rm { - 1}} \sec ^{ - 1} $$\end{document}Verglichen mit der durch FeAA katalysierten Urethanbildung sind die Dimerisierung und Trimerisierung unwesentliche Reaktionen. Zu dem gleichen Ergebnis waren wir bei der Untersuchung der unkatalysierten Polyurethanbildung gelangt.Es ist sehr wahrscheinlich, daß bei den verwendeten Temperaturen (25 bis 78°C) als Folge des thermischen Abbaus von FeAA der katalytische Effekt reduziert wird. Der Stabilität von FeAA kommt daher eine wichtige Rolle bei der Polyurethanbildung zu.
    Notes: The initial rates of dimerisation and trimerisation of 2,4-tolylene diisocyanate (TDI), catalysed by ferric acetyl acetonate (FeAA), are given by the expressions \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \frac{{\rm {d[TDID]}}} {{\rm {dt}}} = 3.8 \cdot 10^8 \rm{ }[\rm {FeAA] exp }\frac{{\rm { - 19,500}}} {{\rm {RT}}}\rm {moles ml}^{\rm { - 1}} \sec ^{ - 1} $$\end{document} and \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$\frac{{\rm {d[TDIT]}}} {{\rm {dt}}} = 1.23 \cdot 10^3 \rm{ }[\rm {FeAA] exp }\frac{{\rm{ - 10,500}}} {{\rm {RT}}}\rm {moles ml}^{\rm { - 1}} \sec ^{ - 1} $$\end{document} Compared to the FeAA catalysed urethane reaction the processes of dimerisation and trimerisation are unimportant, a conclusion similar to that arrived at for the uncatalysed cure of a polyurethane.There is strong evidence that at the temperatures employed (25 to 78°C.), the catalytic effect is reduced as a result of thermal decomposition of FeAA. It would appear therefore that stability of FeAA is likely to be an important factor in the cure of a polyurethane.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.1964.020770117
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