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  • Polymer and Materials Science  (19)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The reactions of a set of organoalkaline compounds with trans-β-carotene (Car) were studied in solution (using UV/Vis, ESR, and mass spectroscopy) and compared with the reactions of the same set with insoluble polyacetylene. It was shown that the naphthalene radical ion and the dicarbanionic dimer of 1,1-diphenylethylene, 1,1,4,4-tetraphenyl-1,4-butanediide, react with Car by a simple electron transfer leading to Car radical ion and dianion. This dianion is protonated by methanol mainly at carbon 7 or 7′. On the contrary of diphenylalkyllithium compounds add to Car double bonds. This addition of 1 mol of diphenylalkyllithium per Car takes place mainly at the central double bond. sec-Butyllithium (sec-BuLi) reacts also by addition to Car. The addition products are in some cases instable and decompose to radical ions through a non-elucidated mechanism. These transfer or addition reactions with Car, as well as the exclusive electron transfer observed with polyacetylene, are rationalized on the basis of the relative redox potentials of reactants.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Polystyrene-block-poly(p-phenylene) block copolymers were prepared from polystyrene-block-poly(1,3-cyclohexadiene) (PS-PCHD) precursors. The PS-PCHD copolymers were initiated by sec-butyllithium in benzene. The aromatization of poly(1,3-cyclohexadiene) sequences was carried out by dehydrogenation with substituted quinones. Secondary reactions occur during this reaction leading to defects in the poly(p-phenylene) (PPP) sequences which limit the mean length of conjugated blocks at about 11-12 phenylene units. The defects result from the addition of hydroquinone ether groups to the chain. The influence of experimental conditions (nature of quinone, additives, temperature) on the aromatization yield and defect content is studied. The reaction with p-chloranilSystem. name: tetrachloro-p-benzoquinone. at 130°C gives the best results. The formation of aggregates during this reaction is observed and explains the final slow kinetics. The purified copolymers are partly aggregated into micelles with a PPP core. For a given polystyrene sequence the fraction of aggregated chains and the size of PPP core increases with the length of PPP sequences. Improvements of PPP blocks are expected by a better control of the aggregation process.
    Additional Material: 14 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 176 (1975), S. 931-946 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The anionic polymerization of styrene in tetrahydrofuran initiated by a bifunctional organo-barium derivative shows a remarkable property: for a given temperature the propagation rate does not depend on carbanion concentration in the range from 3.10-5 to 5.10-3 mol/l. This corresponds to a linear relationship between the rate constant of propagation kp and the reciprocal of active sites concentration. The activation energy of propagation is equal to 4,1 kcal/mol (17,1±1,3 kJ/mol).Our experimental results were interpreted assuming that “living” polymer molecules form rings, their two anionic ends being associated through a divalent cation, and that they constitute aggregates with a “rosace” type structure. The validity of this assumption is supported by spectral and viscosimetric studies of living polymer solutions.
    Notes: Nous montrons que la polymérisation du styrène, amorcée par un promoteur bifonctionnel dérivé du baryum, en milieu tétrahydrofuranne, présente une propriété remarquable: à une température donnée, la vitesse de propagation est indépendante de la concentration en carbanions, dans un domaine compris entre 3.10-5 et 5.10-3 mole par litre. Ceci signifie que la constante de propagation kp varie de façon linéaire avec l'inverse de la concentration en centres actifs. L'énergie d'activation de la propagation est égale à 4,1 kcal/mol (17,1±1,3 kJ/mol).Nous interprétons nos résultats expérimentaux en admettant que les molécules de polymères «vivants» sont bouclées sur elles-mêmes par l'intermédiaire du cation divalent et forment, en outre, des agrégats «en rosace». L'existence de tels agrégats est étayée par l'étude spectrale et viscosimétrique des solutions de polystyrène vivant.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 189 (1988), S. 899-909 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: It is shown that the mechanism of polyacetylene (PA) reduction (or n “doping”) by alkaline carbanionic salts and butyllithium is a simple electron transfer without addition. In this reduction reaction the dicarbanionic dimer of 1,1-diphenylethylene (DD2- Na2+) is quantitatively converted to 1,1-diphenylethylene. The reduction by 3-methyl-1,1-diphenylpentyllithium produces free radicals which deactivate in solution by coupling and disproportionation. But the strong dependence of the ratio of disproportionation to coupling of these radicals on solvent polarity is unusual: no coupling is observed in diethyl ether or pentane, while it is the most important reaction in THF. sec-Butyllithium in pentane also reduces PA by a simple electron transfer process. The “doping” levels can be deduced accurately from the quantitive analysis of the by-products by gas chromatography.
    Additional Material: 13 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 190 (1989), S. 737-752 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: A novel class of carbanionic dopant systems was developed which facilitates the intercalation of tetraalkylammonium ions into polyacetylene (PA), which was considered impossible by chemical methods so far. The chemistry of the dopant system was discussed. The presence of [R4N]+ ions in PA was verified by elemental analysis and IR spectroscopy. The maximum doping levels were determined in the case of several carbanionic systems and also by systematically varying the size of the [R4N]+ ions. A correlation between maximum doping levels and the redox-potentials of the carbanions was established.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Die Makromolekulare Chemie 191 (1990), S. 2735-2741 
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The kinetics of propagation of the anionic polymerization of 1,3-cyclohexadiene initiated by organolithium compounds in cyclohexane is reported. At low monomer concentrations secondary reactions are avoided. The propagation follows a half-order kinetics with respect to living-chain concentration, suggesting an association of two of these chains. The apparent rate constant is found to be 6,9 · 10-4 L1/2 · mol1/2 · s-1 at 20°C with an apparent activation energy of 16,6 kcal/mol (69,5 kJ/mol).
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: It is confirmed that during the polymerization of 1,3-cyclohexadiene initiated by polystyryllithium in cyclohexane a tranfer to the monomer takes place, as previously reported. It is shown that a part of the metallated monomer reinitiates the polymerization and another part decomposes to inert lithium hydride. The formation of 1,4-cyclohexadiene is observed and interpreted. The transfer constant is deduced from measured molecular weights. The propagation constants were reported in a previous paper of this series. Knowing these values, the ratio between reinitiation and decomposition constants is deduced from a comparison between experimental kinetics and a numerical resolution of kinetic equations. This study allows a prediction of the best conditions for the synthesis of block copolymers including poly(1,3-cyclohexadiene) sequences in 1-4 addition.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Advanced Materials 9 (1997), S. 222-225 
    ISSN: 0935-9648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Polymerisation von Methylmethacrylat in Tetrahydrofuran, initiiert durch Calciumsuspensionen, wurde studiert. Die Polymerisationskinetik hängt von der Art der Herstellung der Suspension, besonders von der Porosität der Metallpartikel ab. Die Molekulargewichte der Polymeren sind sehr hoch, und die Polydispersität ist groß. Die Mikrostruktur hängt vom Umsatz ab; dies wurde durch die Existenz eines anionischen und radikalischen Mechanismus erklärt.
    Notes: La polymérisation du méthacrylate de méthyle est amorcée par des suspensions de calcium dans le tétrahydrofuranne. La cinétique de polymérisation dépend du mode de préparation de ces suspensions, et notamment de la porosité des particules métalliques. Les masses moléculaires du polymère sont élevées et très polydispersées. Les microstructures varient avec le taux de conversion, ce que l'on explique par l'existence d'un double mécanisme anionique et radicalaire.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0025-116X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Über einige Resultate bei der Copolymerisation von Styrol und Methylmethacrylat in polaren und nicht polaren Lösungsmitteln mit Calcium, Barium und Strontium als Initiatoren wird berichtet. Die Zusammensetzung der Polymeren wurde in Abhängigkeit von der Zusammensetzung der Monomermischung und dem Umsatz bestimmt. In polaren Lösungsmitteln enthält das zu Beginn der Reaktion gebildete Copolymere einen großen Anteil an Styrol. Wir haben die Bildung von Blockcopolymeren nachgewiesen, in welchem ein Block Polymethylmethacrylat und der andere ein statistisches Polystyrolmethylmethacrylat ist. Die Taktizität des Polymethylmethacrylat-Blocks ist größer als die eines Homopolymeren, das unter den gleichen experimentellen Bedingungen hergestellt wurde. Diese Ergebnisse weisen auf einen simultanen anionischen und radikalischen Mechanismus bei Copolymerisation des Methylmethacrylats und des Styrols hin, wenn mit Erdalkali-Metall initiiert wird.
    Notes: Dans cet article nous présentons différents résultats qui concernent la copolymérisation du styrène et du méthacrylate de méthyle amorcée par le calcium, le strontium et le baryum en milieu polaire et non polaire. Nous avons déterminé la composition des produits formés en fonction de la composition initiale des monomères et du taux de conversion. En milieu polaire le copolymère formé au début de la copolymérisation est riche en styrène. Nous avons par ailleurs mis en évidence la formation de copolymères séquencés dont l'une des séquences est constituée par du polyméthacrylate de méthyle et l'autre par un enchaǐnement statistique de styrène et de méthacrylate de méthyle. Les séquences de polyméthacrylate de méthyle présentent un nombre de triades isotactiques plus élevé qu'un homopolymère préparé dans les měmes conditions expérimentales. Ces résultats permettent de conclure à l'existence simultanée d'un mécanisme de type anionique et d'un mécanisme de type radicalaire lors de la polymérisation du méthacrylate de méthyle et de sa copolymérisation avec le styrène en présence des métaux alcalino-terreux.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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