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  • Schistocerca americana  (4)
  • predation  (4)
  • deterrence  (3)
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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    A Behavioral Mechanism for Incorporating an Unpalatable Food in the Diet of a Generalist Herbivore (Orthoptera: Acrididae) (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 10 (1997), S. 841-858 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Schlagwort(e): herbivore ; grasshopper ; foraging ; Schistocerca americana ; novelty ; neophilia ; learning ; habituation ; nutrition ; diet mixing
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract We investigated mechanisms that could lead to incorporation of unpalatable foods into the diet of a generalist grasshopper, Schistocerca americana: nutritional stress, habituation, learning, and attraction to novelty. The model system involved mesquite, a palatable but inferior food, and mulberry, an unpalatable but adequate food. Nutritional stress, due to prolonged intake of the inferior food, mesquite, did not increase the acceptability of mulberry. Habituation to the deterrent compounds in mulberry and associative learning of the nutritional benefits of mulberry also did not occur. However, mulberry became more acceptable after a day of restriction to a single food type other than mulberry, and even deterrent and nutritionally worthless alternatives such as filter paper became acceptable after a day on any one food type. A tendency to feed on novel food types may be a proximate mechanism for the incorporation of relatively unpalatable, but nutritionally valuable foods into the diet. Novelty and the apparent need for diversity of foods are discussed in the context of exploratory foraging behavior by generalist herbivores.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JOIR.0000010417.24991.9e
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    The effect of plant chemistry on the acceptability of caterpillar prey to the argentine antIridomyrmex humilils (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 8 (1995), S. 579-593 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Schlagwort(e): Iridomyrmex humilis ; predation ; chemical defense ; nicotine ; Lepidoptera ; plant/insect interactions ; herbivore
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Experiments were performed to test the acceptability of two palatable, cryptic caterpillars, the tobacco hornworm,Manduca sexta, and the cabbage looper,Trichoplusia ni, reared on different diets, to the Argentine ant,Iridomyrmex humilis. Ants preferred larvae reared on artificial diet, groundcherry, or cowpea to tobacco-reared larvae. Ants also preferred larvae reared on artificial diet without nicotine to larvae reared on diet containing nicotine (5% dry wt). Experiments were also performed to test the response of ants to larval extracts and chemicals applied to the surface of palatable prey. Ants did not respond differently to larvae of the potato tuber moth,Phthorimaea operculella, treated with larval extracts or regurgitate from tobacco-reared larvae compared to artificialdiet-reared larvae, but ants were deterred byP. operculella larvae treated with nicotine compared to untreated larvae. The results of this study indicate that caterpillars can derive at least some degree of chemical protection from their food plant without sequestering and storing plant compounds and without the development of elaborate aposematic characteristics.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01997232
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Food mixing by generalist grasshoppers: Plant secondary compounds structure the pattern of feeding (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 8 (1994), S. 161-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Schlagwort(e): plant secondary compound ; Schistocerca americana ; diets ; food mixing ; feeding behavior ; feeding patterns
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Plant secondary compounds can prevent feeding by phytophagous insects or, if ingested, can be poisonous to them. Less attention has been paid to the additional effects they have on feeding behavior when they are only weakly deterrent or not deterrent at all. Experiments were carried out on the generalist grass-hopperSchistocerca americana. Individuals were presented either with two cakes of high-quality artificial food with a single deterrent compound added or with two cakes, each with a different added deterrent compound. The deterrents consisted of single plant secondary compounds that were either marginally or strongly deterrent. There were profound differences in feeding behavior between those individuals given identical and those given different cake types, including longer feeding bouts on single cakes when a choice of different cake types was available. The behavioral effects demonstrate that the presence of secondary compounds in one food can influence the patterns of feeding on other available foods and suggest that such chemicals could impact foraging activities in a complex manner.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01988902
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Rutin: a phagostimulant for the polyphagous acridid Schistocerca americana (1991)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 60 (1991), S. 19-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Schistocerca americana ; rutin ; grasshopper ; phagostimulant ; phenolic
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Rutin was demonstrated to be a phagostimulant for the grasshopper Schistocerca americana across a very wide concentration range. The effect was not maintained over a period of days if the insects had already ingested a large amount, but when individuals were given different concentrations on disks as supplements to their lettuce diet, they tended to self select a moderate quantity on a daily basis. In long term experiments on food utilization and growth rates using artificial diet, no beneficial effects of rutin could be demonstrated. Ingested rutin was absorbed and some of it deposited in the cuticle. Most was excreted as the aglycone quercetin. The possible functional significance of the phagostimulatory effect is discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00164955
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Effects of ingestion of some non-host plant secondary compounds on larvae of Manduca sexta (1990)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 54 (1990), S. 125-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Manduca sexta ; deterrence ; toxicity ; oligophagy ; plant secondary compound
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé Les effets qui suivent l'ingestion de 7 produits secondaires de plantes non-hôtes ont été examinés sur des chenilles de M. sexta. Ces substances avaient été choisies pour la diversité de leurs effets sur le comportement alimentaire lors d'expériences de courte durée: 4 avaient montré des effets dissuasifs variés, 3 n'en avaient pas présenté. On a enduit des feuilles fraiches de leur plante-hôte (Nicotania tabacum) des différentes substances à raison d'à peu près 1% du poids sec. Seule une substance a réduit les performances des chenilles. Ces résultats ont été discutés en fonction de l'absence de relation entre dissuation et toxicité dans l'évolution des défenses chez les plantes.
    Notizen: Abstract Seven non-host plant secondary compounds were tested for their post-ingestional effects on larvae of Manduca cesta Johan. The compounds were selected for their range of effects on feeding behavior in short-term tests: four showed different levels of deterrence while three were not deterrent. Insects were dosed by coating fresh leaves of their food plant (tobacco) with particular compounds at concentrations of 1% dry weight. Only one compound had detrimental effects on larval performance. The results are discussed in the context of the lack of correlation between deterrence and toxicity and the evolution of plant defenses.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343521
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Host specificity in phytophagous insects: selection pressure from generalist predators (1988)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 49 (1988), S. 131-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): evolution ; monophagy ; polyphagy ; host range ; Vespidae ; caterpillars ; predation ; Mischocyttarus flavitarsus
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract The narrow host range of insect herbivores is noted, and some of the reasons why specificity has evolved are reviewed. Works indicating the need for new approaches are pointed out including the possibility that generalist predators provide a suitable pressure. Experiments to test the hypothesis that generalists are more vulnerable than specialists to predators are described. They involved a vespid wasp and over thirty species pairs of caterpillars, matched for size and density. Overall, generalists were taken more readily than specialists: some but not all reasons could be detected. The results are discussed in ecological and evolutionary terms.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00188246
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Comparisons of deterrency and toxicity of selected secondary plant compounds to an oligophagous and a polyphagous acridid (1988)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 46 (1988), S. 241-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Schistocerca ; Locusta ; deterrence ; toxicity ; plant secondary compounds ; grasshopper feeding
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Résumé La comparaison a porté sur les relations entre répulsion et toxicité de huit substances secondaires chez deux acridiens: Locusta migratoria, spécialiste de graminées, et Schistocerca gregaria, polyphage. L. migratoria est repoussé par toutes les substances proposées, aux concentrations naturelles, pour lesquelles S. gregaria a présenté des comportements trés divers. Mais surtout, L. migratoria a été significativement plus sensible que S. gregaria aux effets toxiques de ces substances quand elles sont injectées dans son haemolymphe; S. gregaria a réagi à ces substances plus par des modifications de son comportement. Il y a une corrélation significative pour les deux espèces, entre la répulsion et la toxicité des substances injectées.
    Notizen: Abstract A comparison was made of the relationship between deterrence and toxicity of eight secondary compounds to two acridids. The grass specialist Locusta migratoria was compared with the polyphagous Schistocerca gregaria. L. migratoria was deterred by all compounds presented at natural concentrations to which S. gregaria showed a variety of behavioral responses. Overall, L. migratoria was significantly more susceptible to toxic effects of the chemicals when injected into the hemolymph than was S. gregaria and was more sensitive behaviourally to them. There was a significant correlation in both species between deterrency and toxicity of injected compounds, but little evidence of a relationship between deterrency and oral toxicity.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00364195
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Host range in phytophagous insects: the potential role of generalist predators (1989)
    Springer
    Evolutionary ecology 3 (1989), S. 299-311 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Schlagwort(e): Host range ; evolution ; herbivores ; predation ; selection
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Summary The potential role of generalist natural enemies is presented as one of the important ecological pressures that select for narrow host range in phytophagous insects, and dominant relative to physiological bases for specialization. Experiments are described in three completely different systems indicating that generalist herbivores are more vulnerable to predation than specialist herbivores. The three predators were (a) the vespid waspMischocyttarus flavitarsus, (b) the Argentine antIridomyrmex humilis and (c) the coccinellid beetleHippodamia convergens. It is concluded the predators may provide strong selection pressure for maintenance and perhaps evolution of narrow host range in insect herbivores.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02285261
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Relationship between deterrence and toxicity of plant secondary compounds for the grasshopperSchistocerca americana (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 2519-2526 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Schistocerca americana ; Orthoptera ; Acrididae ; deterrence ; toxicity ; plant defense ; diet breadth
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract A variety of plant secondary compounds, several of which are quite widespread in nature were tested for their deterrence to the generalist grasshopperSchistocerca americana in short-term behavioral assays. The compounds were coumarin, salicin, tannic acid, gramine, nicotine, quinine, carvone, geraniol, abietic acid, umbelliferone, and ursolic acid. These were then tested for their post-ingestional effects over the whole of the last larval instar. Different methods were employed to mask the taste of compounds that were deterrent in order to ensure that any effects were not due to reduced feeding. In no case was there any indication of a detrimental effect or any trend suggesting one. In two cases, there was a significant increase in growth rate with the addition of the secondary compound to the diet. The evolutionary implications of these findings are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00994599
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Responses of two hymenopteran predators to surface Chemistry of their prey: Significance for an alkaloid-sequestering caterpillar (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 391-399 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Schlagwort(e): Lepidoptera ; Hymenoptera ; predation ; sequestration ; chemical ; defense ; cuticle
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Notizen: Abstract Larvae ofUresiphita reversalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) sequester quinolizidine alkaloids from their leguminous hosts and store them primarily in the cuticle. Stored alkaloids are lost with the last larval molt. Extracts of late-instar larvae and of pupae were applied to larvae of the potato tuber moth,Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Gelichiidae), which are normally palatable to two hymenopteran predators, the Argentine ant,Iridomyrmex humilis (Mayr) (Formicidae), and the paper wasp,Mischocyttarus flavitarsus (Sauss.) (Vespidae). Larvae ofP. operculella treated with alkaloid extracts ofU. reversalis larval exuviae, or with surface extracts of whole larvae, were deterrent to both predators, compared to untreated prey. Extracts of pupal exuviae added toP. operculella, however, were not deterrent.P. operculella larvae treated with the authentic alkaloids sparteine and cytisine were also deterrent to these hymenopteran predators. Storage of small but concentrated amounts of plant secondary compounds in the cuticle appears to be an efficacious means of defense against at least two common predators of lepidopteran larvae.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00994340
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