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  • 1
    ISSN: 1573-7217
    Keywords: oral contraceptives ; early onset breast cancer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Many studies have shown that oral contraceptive (OC) use increases a young woman's risk of breast cancer, although some studies suggest that the risk may be limited to recent use. The objective of this study was to determine what particular aspects of OC use could be important for breast cancer development at an early age in the cohort of women who had the opportunity to use OCs all of their reproductive life. The cases were first diagnosed with breast cancer at age 40 or younger between 1983 and 1988, and identified by the Los Angeles County Cancer Surveillance Program. Control subjects were individually matched to participating cases on birth date (within 36 months), race (white), parity (nulliparous versus parous), and neighborhood of residence. Detailed OC histories were obtained during in-person interviews with subjects. In general the risk estimates were small, and not statistically significant. Compared to no use, having used OCs for 12 years or more was associated with a modest non-significant elevated breast cancer risk with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.4 (95% confidence interval (CI)=0.8–2.4). Long-term (12 years or more) users of high-dose estrogen pills had a non-significant 60% higher breast cancer risk than never users (CI=0.9–3.2). Early use was associated with slightly higher ORs among young women (age ≤ 35), and among parous women. Recent use was associated with somewhat higher ORs among parous women and women above age 36. Analyses by stage, body weight, and family history yielded similar results. This study is consistent with a modest effect of early OC use on breast cancer risk in young women.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 2 (1991), S. 221-225 
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Age at menarche ; breast cancer ; estrogens ; Shanghai ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: It has recently been reported that women with a recorded early menarche had approximately two-fold greater follicular phase serum E2 (estradiol) levels than women with menarche at age 13 or later. We have evaluated E1 (estrone) and E2 concentrations in the blood, and estrogen concentrations in the urine, in two groups of premenopausal women (mean ages 33 and 38 years) for categories of age at menarche. Study subjects were 106 Caucasian women in the United States (assessed for E1, E2, and urinary estrogens) and 39 women from Shanghai, China (assessed for E2). US subjects were classified according to whether their recalled menarche occurred before age 12, at age 12, or at age 13 or older. The mean age at recalled menarche of the Shanghai subjects was considerably older, and their ages at menarche were classified as less than age 15, age 15, and age 16 or older. We found little evidence in these premenopausal women in their thirties of an effect of age at menarche on estrogen levels. A large-scale study of women in the age range 20–40 years is necessary to investigate this important issue more thoroughly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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