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  • dissociation  (5)
  • addiction to trauma  (1)
  • hyperarousal  (1)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The psychological processing of traumatic experience: Reply to Cohen and de Ruiter (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of traumatic stress 4 (1991), S. 425-432 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6598
    Keywords: post-traumatic stress disorder ; Rorschach ; psychological testing ; dissociation ; cognitive processes ; affective experience
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: Abstract A critique of our Rorschach research on the experience, symbolization, and psychological processing of trauma makes some valid points, but overlooks both the study's exploratory, hypothesis-generating nature and our integration of historical, clinical, psychotherapeutic, and empirical perspectives. Our examination of the relationship of trauma to inner symbolization and to emotional responsiveness to the environment reveals the critics' narrow understanding of the Rorschach and misconceptions regarding trauma. Further research cited replicates but also challenges our initial findings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00974560
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dissociation and the fragmentary nature of traumatic memories: Overview and exploratory study (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of traumatic stress 8 (1995), S. 505-525 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6598
    Keywords: trauma ; memory ; dissociation ; posttraumatic stress disorder
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Since trauma arises from an inescapable stressful event that overwhelms people's coping mechanisms, it is uncertain to what degree the results of laboratory studies of ordinary events are relevant to the understanding of traumatic memories. This paper reviews the literature on differences between recollections of stressful and of traumatic events. It then reviews the evidence implicating dissociation as the central pathogenic mechanism that gives rise to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A systematic exploratory study of 46 subjects with PTSD indicated that traumatic memories were retrieved, at least initially, in the form of dissociated mental imprints of sensory and affective elements of the traumatic experience: as visual, olfactory, affective, auditory, and kinesthetic experiences. Over time, subjects reported the gradual emergence of a personal narrative that can be properly referred to as “explicit memory.” The implications of these findings for understanding the nature of traumatic memories are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02102887
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pierre Janet's treatment of post-traumatic stress (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of traumatic stress 2 (1989), S. 379-395 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6598
    Keywords: post-traumatic stress (PTSD) ; dissociation ; hypnosis ; Janet ; history of psychiatry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Pierre Janet's therapeutic approach to traumatized patients was the first attempt to create a systematic, phase-oriented treatment of post-traumatic stress. Janet viewed the trauma response basically as a disorder of memory which interfered with effective action. Relying heavily on the use of hypnosis, he taught that the treatment of post-traumatic psychopathology consisted of forming a stable therapeutic relationship; retrieving and transforming traumatic memories into meaningful experiences; and taking effective action to overcome learned helplessness. Most of his observations and recommendations are as challenging today as when he first made them, starting a century ago.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00974597
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The psychological processing of traumatic experience: Rorschach patterns in PTSD (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of traumatic stress 2 (1989), S. 259-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6598
    Keywords: post-traumatic stress disorder ; Rorschach ; psychological testing ; dissociation ; cognitive processes ; compulsion to repeat ; psychotherapy ; impulsivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: Abstract The Rorschach records of 13 Vietnam veterans with PTSD were compared with 11 matched combat controls and were analyzed for both content and structural features. These Rorschachs showed an unmodified reliving of traumatic material and revealed the biphasic cognitive processing of traumatic experiences of rigidly defended, affective numbing versus overwhelmed intrusive reliving. They demonstrated how trauma and its concomitant affects persist with little modification over time and confirm the clinical impression that people with severe PTSD have an impaired capacity for affect modulation. The lack of integration of the traumatic experience accounts for extreme reactivity to environmental stimuli: the initially overwhelming external event, through lack of assimilation, is perpetuated internally and continues to exert disorganizing effects on the psyche. The authors discuss the claims that the presence of mute, unsymbolized, and unintegrated experiences causes reenactment of the trauma, until the victim learns to put into words both the associated facts and the feelings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00976231
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pierre Janet on post-traumatic stress (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of traumatic stress 2 (1989), S. 365-378 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6598
    Keywords: Janet ; post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) ; dissociation ; memory ; history of psychiatry ; cognitive psychology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: Abstract One hundred years ago, in 1889, Pierre Janet published L'Automatisme Psychologique, his first work to deal with how the mind processes traumatic experiences. Janet claimed that vehement emotions interfere with proper appraisal and appropriate action. Failure to confront the experience fully leads to dissociation of the traumatic memories and their return as fragmentary reliving experiences: feeling states, somatic sensations, visual images, and behavioral reenactments. A century later, Janet still provides an unsurpassed framework for integrating current knowledge about the psychodynamic, cognitive, and biological effects of human traumatization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00974596
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The trauma spectrum: The interaction of biological and social events in the genesis of the trauma response (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of traumatic stress 1 (1988), S. 273-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6598
    Keywords: post-traumatic stress disorder ; psychobiology ; attachment ; hyperarousal ; memory ; addiction to trauma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: Abstract When Kardiner first described the full syndrome of what is now called PTSD in 1941, he called the trauma response a “physioneurosis,” that is, a mental disorder which affects both the soma and the psyche. Now, more than 40 years later much knowledge has been gained about the biological effects of traumatization. Based on the studies of disruptions of attachment bonds in non-human primates, the animal model of inescapable shock, and numerous studies of traumatized children and adults, we are beginning to understand the nature of the biological changes which underlie the psychological response to trauma. This paper will explore (1) the nature of the biological alterations in response to traumatization, (2) how these biological shifts depend on the maturation of the central nervous system (CNS), cognitive processes, and the social matrix in which they occur, (3) and how these alterations can influence psychopathological and interpersonal processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00974765
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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