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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Degradation of arsenobetaine to inorganic arsenic by bacteria in seawater (1995)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 316 (1995), S. 75-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: arsenobetaine ; inorganic arsenic ; trimethylarsine oxide ; bacteria ; suspended substances ; degradation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The substances suspended in seawater were fractionated by membrane filtration into three fractions. Fraction 1 was collected on a membrane filter of 0.22 µm pore-size, fraction 2 on a 5 µm pore-size and fraction 3 on 0.22 µm pore-size from the filtrate passed through the 5 µm membrane filter. Arsenobetaine was incubated with each of these fractions in two media (ZoBell 2216E and a solution of inorganic salts) at 25 °C in the dark under aerobic conditions. The mixture added with fraction 3 was considered to contain only bacteria. In every case, in the inorganic salt medium, inorganic arsenic(V) was derived from arsenobetaine via trimethylarsine oxide. In the ZoBell medium, arsenobetaine was not degraded to inorganic arsenic, although trimethylarsine oxide was derived in every case. We conclude that the degradation of arsenobetaine to trimethylarsine oxide or inorganic arsenic can be accomplished in seawater by bacteria alone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00019377
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Arsenic Compounds Accumulated in Sedimentary Microorganisms Cultivated in Media Containing Several Arsenicals (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 10 (1996), S. 683-688 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: inorganic arsenic ; methanearsonic acid ; dimethylarsinic acid ; tetramethylarsonium salt ; arsenocholine ; microorganisms ; conversion ; degradation ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Sediments, as sources of microorganisms, were added to two kinds of media, 1/5 ZoBell 2216E and a solution of inorganic salts, which contained inorganic arsenic(III), inorganic arsenic(V), methanearsonic acid, dimethyl- arsinic acid, trimethylarsine oxide, tetramethylarsonium salt or arsenocholine. After 17 days of incubation at 20 °C, the arsenicals that had accumulated in the microorganisms were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). While the more toxic arsenicals [inorganic arsenic(III), inorganic arsenic(V), methanearsonic acid, dimethylarsinic acid] were not converted in the microorganisms, trimethylarsine oxide and tetramethylarsonium salt were considerably degraded to inorganic arsenic(V), and arsenocholine to arsenobetaine. Arsenobetaine that had accumulated in the microorganisms was extracted and confirmed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and fast atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectrometry.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Formation of arsenobetaine from arsenocholine by micro-organisms occurring in sediments (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 6 (1992), S. 375-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Arsenocholine ; arsenobetaine ; trimethylarsine oxide ; dimethylarsinic acid ; methanearsonic acid ; micro-organisms ; sediments ; arsenic metabolism ; marine ecosystems ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: As one of the experiments to pursue marine circulation of arsenic, we studied microbiological conversion of arsenocholine to arsenobetaine, because arsenocholine may be a precursor of arsenobetaine in these ecosystems. Two culture media, 1/5 ZoBell 2216E and an aqueous solution of inorganic salts, were used in this in vitro study. To each medium (25 cm3) were added synthetic arsenocholine (0.2%) and about 1 g of the sediment, and they were aerobically incubated at 25°C in the dark. These conversion experiments were performed in May and July 1990. In both seasons, two or three metabolites were derived in each mixture. These metabolites were purified using cation-exchange chromatography. Their structures were confirmed as arsenobetaine, trimethylarsine oxide and dimethylarsinic acid by high-performance liquid chromatography, thin-layer chromatography, FAB mass spectrometry and a combination of gas-chromatographic separation with hydride generation followed by a cold-trap technique and selected-ion monitoring mass spectrometric analysis. From this and other evidence it is concluded that, in the arsenic cycle in these marine ecosystems, as recently postulated by us, the pathway arsenocholine → arsenobetaine → trimethylarsine oxide → dimethylarsinic acid → methanearsonic acid → inorganic arsenic can be carried out by micro-organisms alone.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590060411
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Arsenobetaine-decomposing Ability of Marine Microorganisms Occurring in Particles Collected at Depths of 1100 and 3500 Meters (1997)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 11 (1997), S. 265-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: arsenobetaine ; microorganisms ; sinking particles ; deep sea ; trimethylarsine oxide ; dimethylarsinic acid ; inorganic arsenic ; degradation ; Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The arsenobetaine-decomposing ability of microorganisms occurring in sinking particles, which play a main role in the vertical transport of organic substances produced in the photic zone, was investigated. The microorganisms in particles collected in the deep sea, 1100 and 3500 m in depth, clearly showed decomposing ability. With the particles from 1100 m, the degradation products were the same as those produced by microorganisms occurring in sources in the photic zone, i.e. trimethylarsine oxide (TMAO), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) and inorganic arsenic(V). At 3500 m, the degradation activity was diminished, smalls amount of DMA and TMAO being produced. These results suggest that arsenobetaine contained in the animals starts to degrade immediately after the death of the animals and their transformation to particles. The degradation of arsenobetaine to inorganic arsenic in our tentative arsenic cycle in marine ecosystems (inorganic arsenic to inorganic arsenic via the biosynthesis of arsenobetaine) may apply to the deep sea as well as to the photic zone. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ubiquity of arsenobetaine in marine animals and degradation of arsenobetaine by sedimentary micro-organisms (1988)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 2 (1988), S. 371-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: Arsenobetaine ; trimethylarsine oxide ; marine animals ; micro-organisms ; arsenic metabolism ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Arsenic compounds were extracted with chloroform/methanol/water from tissues of marine animals (four carnivores, five herbivores, five plankton feeders). The extracts were purified by cation and anion exchange chromatography. Arsenobetaine [(CH3)3As+CH2COO-], dimethylarsinic acid [(CH3)2AsOOH], trimethylarsine oxide [(CH3)3AsO] and arsenite, arsenate, and methylarsonic acid [(CH3)AsO(OH)2] as a group with the same retention time were identified by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Arsenic was determined in the collected fractions by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Arsenobetaine found in all the animals was almost always the most abundant arsenic compound in the extracts. These results show that arsenobetaine is present in marine animals independently of their feeding habits and trophic levels.Arsenobetaine-containing growth media (ZoBell 2216E; solution of inorganic salts) were mixed with coastal marine sediments as the source of microorganisms. Arsenobetaine was converted in both media to trimethylarsine oxide and trimethylarsine oxide was converted to arsenite, arsenate or methylarsonic acid but not to dimethylarsinic acid. The conversion rates in the inorganic medium were faster than in the ZoBell medium. Two dominant bacterial strains isolated from the inorganic medium and identified as members of the Vibro-Aeromonas group were incapable of degrading arsenobetaine.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590020415
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Uptake and degradation of arsenobetaine by the microorganisms occurring in sediments (1995)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Applied Organometallic Chemistry 9 (1995), S. 573-579 
    Details
    ISSN: 0268-2605
    Keywords: arsenic ; arsenobetaine ; microorganisms ; uptake ; degradation ; conversion ; trimethylarsine oxide ; dimethylarsinic acid ; inorganic arsenic ; Chemistry ; Organic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: We have reported the degradation of arsenobetaine [(CH3)3As+CH2COO-] to inorganic arsenic by microorganisms from various marine origins such as sediments. However, there was no information as to the fate of the ingested arsenobetaine within the body of the microorganisms before excretion.In this study, arsenobetaine and sediments were added to two culture media (1/5 Zobell 2216E and a solution of inorganic salts) and aerobically incubated at 25°C in the dark. Despite the degradation and complete disappearance of arsenobetaine from the filtrates of the incubation mixtures, the major arsenic compound from the microorganisms harvested from the mixtures was identified by HPLC as arsenobetaine throughout the incubation period. The presence of arsenobetaine was further confirmed by TLC and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB MS). A minor arsenical also present in the incubated microorganisms, dimethylarsinic acid, was detected.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aoc.590090712
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