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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemical defense of a rare mint plant (1990)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 1 (1990), S. 30-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: chemical defense ; insect repellent ; endangered species ; terpenes ; trans-pulegol ; Labiatae ; Dicerandra ; Pyralidae ; Pyrausta
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Analyses of leaf extracts ofDicerandra frutescens, a highly aromatic mint plant from central Florida listed as an endangered species, revealed presence of 12 closely related monoterpenes. The principal of these, (+)—trans-pulegol, is a new natural product, the synthesis of which is described. The terpenes are produced in glandular capsules that release their contents upon injury of the leaf. Data from bioassays with ants and cockroaches indicate that the terpenes serve for defense against insects.Dicerandra does, however, have a leaf-eating enemy, the caterpillar of a pyralid moth,Pyrausta panopealis. The discovery of a new natural product from an endangered species raises questions about the chemical implications of species extinction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01240583
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seasonal Anointment with Millipedes in a Wild Primate: A Chemical Defense Against Insects? (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 26 (2000), S. 2781-2790 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Capuchin monkey ; millipede ; benzoquinone ; anointment ; chemical defense ; insect deterrent ; carcinogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Members of a wild group of wedge-capped capuchin monkeys (Cebus olivaceus) intentionally anoint themselves with millipedes (Orthoporus dorsovittatus). Chemical analysis revealed these millipedes secrete two benzoquinones, compounds known to be potently repellent to insects. We argue that the secretion that rubs off on the monkeys in the course of anointment provides protection against insects, particularly mosquitoes (and the bot flies they transmit) during the rainy season. Millipede secretion is so avidly sought by the monkeys that up to four of them will share a single millipede. The anointment must also entail risks, since benzoquinones are toxic and carcinogenic. We suggest that for capuchins the immediate benefits of anointment outweigh the long-range costs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026489826714
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Squirting and refilling: Dynamics ofp-benzoquinone production in defensive glands ofDiploptera punctata (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 2823-2834 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Diploptera punctata ; Orthoptera ; Blaberidae ; cockroach ; benzoquinone ; quinone ; chemical defense
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Diploptera punctata, a Pacific islands cockroach, discharges a fine aerosol ofp-benzoquinones from a pair of tracheal glands in response to disturbance or CO2 anesthesia. In addition, the glands and their contents are shed at each molt. We measured the amount ofp-benzoquinones discharged in response to pinching and anesthesia and the filling of glands after discharge and molting. Roaches discharge highly variable amounts of quinones but appear to retain approximately 11% of their lifetime total benzoquinone content after repeated discharges. Roaches rapidly fill their glands after molting (18Μg quinone/day) but after discharging appear to refill at a much slower rate or not at all. This lack of refilling could result from an inability to produce quinones after a finite time period or in excess of a fixed quantity. The delayed accumulation ofp-benzoquinone with respect to the alkylated derivatives in newly molted adults suggests competition for aromatic amino acids between cuticular and defensive quinone synthesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00979476
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Integumental slime and wax secretion: Defensive adaptations of sawfly larvae (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 20 (1994), S. 2743-2749 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Symphyta ; Tenthredinidae ; predation ; chemical defense ; ants ; Formicidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Evidence is presented from predation tests with ants (Formica exsectoides) that the slimy coating ofCaliroa cerasi and the waxy investiture ofEriocampa ovata serve in defense.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02036205
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parentally provided alkaloid does not protect eggs ofUtetheisa ornatrix (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) against entomopathogenic fungi (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 687-693 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Entomopathogenic fungi ; insect egg ; Utetheisa ornatrix ; Lepidoptera ; Arctiidae ; chemical defense ; pyrrolizidine alkaloid ; monocrotaline ; parental investment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Eggs ofUtetheisa ornatrix proved equally vulnerable to fungal infection (Beauveria bassiana, Paecilomyces lilacinus) whether they contained parentally provided pyrrolizidine alkaloid (monocrotaline) or were free of such alkaloid. In in vitro tests, monocrotaline, either as free base or N-oxide, had no inhibiting effect on fungal cultures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00994192
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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