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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Yeast flocculation: Flocculation onset and receptor availability (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 9 (1993), S. 85-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Yeast ; flocculation ; onset ; receptors ; coflocculation ; concanavalin A ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Flocculent strains of brewing yeast grow and ferment as single cells and flocculate in the stationary phase of growth. The switch from single-celled yeast growth to multi-celled aggregation, flocculation onset, is of critical importance to the brewing industry. Yeast flocculation involves adhesion of surface-lectins on flocculent cells to carbohydrate receptors on neighbouring cell-walls. The presence of carbohydrate receptors, outer-chain mannan side-branches, was monitored throughout growth of flocculent and non-flocculent strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with particular attention to the growth phases where flocculation is normally developed. Receptors were probed by coflocculation with flocculent strains and by aggregation with concanavalin A, a lectin shown to use the same receptors as flocculation.While considerable variation was found in coflocculation and concanavalin A aggregation between strains, little or no change in receptor availability was found throughout the growth of all yeast strains. Yeast cells could easily be coflocculated at any growth stage. It was concluded that receptor availability is not involved in the process of flocculation onset.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320090111
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Yeast flocculation: Lectin synthesis and activation (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 9 (1993), S. 371-378 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Yeast ; flocculation ; onset ; lectin ; cycloheximide ; heat activation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Yeast flocculation involves binding of surface lectins to carbohydrate receptors on neighbouring cell walls. Brewing strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae normally become flocculent in the stationary phase of growth. This paper presents evidence that lectins are synthesized in exponential phase, inserted into the cell wall, and activated later at the time of flocculation onset.Cycloheximide failed to prevent flocculation unless it was added in early growth; with later additions progressively larger degrees of flocculation occurred. Flocculation onset was delayed by cycloheximide but was otherwise cycloheximide insensitive. Preflocculent cells could be artificially activated to full flocculation by heat. Artificial activation of samples from growing yeast cultures confirmed the progressive synthesis of lectins throughout exponential growth. Pronase E treatment of whole cells prior to heating prevented any activation of flocculation.It was concluded that lectins were synthesized continuously from an early stage of growth and rapidly inserted into the cell wall (accessible by pronase E), where they remained inactive for up to 14 h, before being activated at flocculation onset by an as-yet unknown mechanism. It was found that lectin synthesis and activation occurred in all brewing strains tested.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320090407
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Yeast flocculation: Reconciliation of physiological and genetic viewpoints (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 8 (1992), S. 25-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Yeasts ; flocculation ; FLO genes ; dsRNA ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; brewers' yeast ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Genetics
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Yeast floccultion results from surface expression of specific proteins (lectins). Two flocculation phenotypes were suggested by physiological and biochemical tests, whereas genetic data suggested a larger number of mechanisms of flocculation. After reviewing the biochemistry, physiology and genetics of flocculation, a new hypothesis combining the data available from these different sources, is proposed.Flocculation results when lectins present on flocculent cell bind sugar residues of neighbouring cell walls. These sugar receptors are intrinsic to the mannan comprizing cell walls of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Two lectin phenotypes were revealed by sugar inhibition studies. The gluco- and mannospecific NewFlo phenotype is not, as yet, found in genetically defined strains. Mannospecific flocculation (Flo 1 phenotype) is found in strains containing the genes FLO1, FLO5 and FLO8. This phenotype is also found following mutation of the TUP1 or CYC8 loci, in previously non-flocculent strains. It is therefore proposed that the structure gene for mannospecific flocculation is common or possibly unbiquitous in non-flocculent strains and in consequence, FLO1, FLO5 and FLO8 are probably regulatory genes, exerting positive control over the structure gene.Flocculation expression requires lectin secretion to the cell surface. Many of the observed ‘suppressions’ of flocculation may be due to mutations of the secretory process, involved in transporting structural proteins to the cell wall.The possible involvement of killer L double-stranded RNA with flocculation is suggested, given the lectin properties of viral coat proteins nad an association between L double-stranded RNA and the Flo 1 phenotype.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320080103
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Another brick in the wall? Recent developments concerning the yeast cell envelope (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Yeast 10 (1994), S. 1741-1752 
    Details
    ISSN: 0749-503X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; cell wall ; β-glucan ; mannoprotein ; GPI anchor ; flocculation ; Life Sciences ; Life Sciences (general)
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: To a yeast, the cell wall is an important living organelle performing a number of vital functions, including osmotic and physical protection, selective permeability barrier, immobilized enzyme support and cell-cell recognition and adhesion. Our basic model of wall structure involves attachment of secreted mannoproteins to a fibrillar inner layer of β-glucan. Recent work has emphasised the importance of chitin in lateral walls, examined the mechanisms of attachment of mannoproteins to the various cell wall glucan fractions and elucidated the pathway of β-glucan synthesis, by means of resistance to glucan-binding killer toxins. The conventional view of wall structure has been challenged by the discovery of a class of GPI-anchored, serine/threonine-rich wall-proteins. It has been suggested, that these proteins are anchored in the plasma membrane, spanning the wall with extended O-glycosylated structures and protruding out into the medium. Examination of these proteins shows a diversity of structures, sizes and behaviour that makes it improbable that these represent a new class of wall proteins. The possible roles of one of these proteins associated with flocculation, Flo1p, are discussed.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yea.320101307
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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