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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 53 (1989), S. 105-109 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Pelargonium Xhortorum ; pest resistance ; anacardic acids ; geraniums ; glandular trichomes ; Acyrthosiphon solani
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Widerstandsfähigkeit dem Fingerhut-Blattlaus (Acyrthosiphon solani Kaltenbach) gegenüber wurde in einigen durch Inzucht erzeugten Pelargonie-Linien (Pelargonium Xhortorum Bailey) gezeigt. Um das Verhältnis von Ursache und Wirkung zwischen dem hochgewachsenen glandulären Trichom-Exudat und Widerstandsfähigkeit genauer zu bestimmen, wurde eine Bio-Untersuchung an intakten Pflanzen unternommen. Dabei wurden eine widerstandsfähige Pflanzenlinie, eine widerstandsfähige Pflanzenlinie, von der das hochgewachsene glanduläre Trichom-Exudat durch eine basische Pufferlösung entfernt worden war, eine anfällige Linie und eine mit Pufferlösung behandelte Linie verglichen. Zwei erwachsene weibliche Blattläuse wurden fünf Tage durch ein engmaschiges Netz auf den zu untersuchenden dritten und vierten Knotenblättern eingesperrt. Bei jeder Pflanze wurde die Untersuchung an einem nichtbehandelten Blatt und an einem Blat, von dem das Exudat durch Waschen mit der Pufferlösung entfernt worden war, durchgeführt. Für jede Linie wurden fünf Pflanzen gebraucht, und der ganze Versuch wurde sechsmal wiederholt. Nach einer fünftägigen Isolierung auf den jeweiligen Oberflächen wurden die Blätter von der Pflanze entfernt, und sowohl die Zahl der überlebenden erwachsenen Blattläuse wie auch die der produzierten und noch am Leben gebliebenen Nymphen festgestellt. Mit einer niedrigeren Überlebensrate der Erwachsenen und weniger noch lebenden Nymphen war die nichtbehandelte widerstandsfähige Linie deutlich widerstandsfähig. Im Gegensatz dazu zeigten die Blattläuse auf der mit Puffer gewaschenen widerstandsfähigen Linie eine Sterblichkeit und Fruchtbarkeit, die nicht erheblich höher waren, als die auf der anfälligen Linie, was beweist, daß das Waschen mit der Pufferlösung den Widerstandsfaktor entfernt hatte. Das hochgewachsene glanduläre Trichom-Exudat muß deshalb ein kritischer Faktor in der Widerstandsfähigkeit gegen Pelargonie-Schädlinge sein.
    Notes: Abstract Resistance to the foxglove-aphid (Acyrthosiphon solani Kaltenbach) has been demonstrated in some inbred geranium lines (Pelargonium Xhortorum Bailey). To establish more definitively the cause/effect relationship between tall glandular trichome exudate and resistance, an intact plant bioassay was performed comparing a resistant plant line, a resistant plant line from which the tall glandular trichome exudate had been removed using a basic buffer solution, a susceptible line and a susceptible line treated with the buffer wash. After 5 days of isolation on the respective surfaces, the number of surviving adult aphids as well as the number of nymphs produced and remaining alive were determined. Aphids on the buffer washed, resistant line exhibited mortality and fecundity which was not significantly different from that produced by the susceptible line. In contrast, the untreated resistance line was clearly resistant with lower adult survival and fewer living nymphs. The tall glandular trichome exudate must therefore be a critical factor in geranium resistance to the foxglove aphid.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Trichome ; geraniums ; Pelargonium ; defensive agents ; anacardic acids ; double-bond location ; insect resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Ozonolysis, dithioether derivatization, and EI and CI mass spectrometry were used to establish the location of the double bond in the side chain of the two major anacardic acids in geranium (Pelargonium hortorum) trichome exudate. The point of unsaturation was shown to be between C-5 and C-6 counting from the methyl end of the side chain, contradicting the earlier hypothesis that the olefmic bond was probably at the 9–10 position based upon expected biosynthetic considerations. The two major components are thus 6-[(Z)-10′-pentadecenyl]salicylic acid (C22H34O3) and 6-[(Z)-12′-heptadecenyl] salicylic acid (C24H38O3). This may indicate that the precursor of these anacardic acids is a saturated fatty acid since the location of a double bond at the 5–6 position is unusual among the unsaturated fatty acids. Capillary GLC and HPLC of the trichome exudate indicated the presence of small amounts of other anacardic acid analogs possessing such features as odd numbers of carbon atoms and saturated side chains.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Glandular trichomes ; geraniums ; insect resistance ; secondary compounds ; Pelargonium xhortorum ; foxglove aphid ; Acyrthosiphon solani ; Homoptera ; Aphidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Geraniums (Pelargonium xhortorum Bailey) possess a pest-resistance mechanism, based on glandular trichomes and the exudate they produce, that has been shown to be effective against the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch). Using an intact plant bioassay, the effectiveness of the resistance mechanism was determined for another potential pest, the foxglove aphid (Acyrthosiphon solani Kaltenbach). Comparisons were made between plant lines previously analyzed for their degree of resistance to mites, as well as their glandular trichome density and trichome exudate production. Over 100 aphid adults were bioassayed on each of the five plant lines used in the experiment. In addition to adult aphid survival, the production and survival of nymphs was determined in this bioassay. The results indicate that plant lines that are resistant to the two-spotted spider mite are also resistant to the foxglove aphid, while lines susceptible to mites are susceptible to the aphids. To evaluate the physical impediment features of the trichome exudate, the behavior of foxglove aphid nymphs was compared on two geranium lines, one a resistant line with high trichome densities and large quantities of exudate and the second a susceptible line with few trichomes and reduced exudate. A third leaf surface type was produced by washing the exudate from resistant leaves using a mildly basic buffer solution prior to the bioassay. Aphid behavior was divided into five categories: feeding or probing, resting, wandering, struggling, and immobilized. On both susceptible leaves and resistant leaves from which the exudate had been removed by washing, the aphids settled quickly and were observed with inserted stylets during most of the observation intervals. In contrast, aphids on the unwashed resistant leaf surfaces often became ensnared in the sticky trichome exudate and had difficulty in settling to probe the leaf. Physical entrapment by glandular trichome exudate appears to be an important aspect of aphid resistance in geraniums.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 357-372 
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Geranium ; Pelargonium xhortorum ; glandular trichomes ; anacardic acids ; plant defense
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Insect-resistant and -susceptible geranium plants (Pelargonium xhortorum) were chemically and morphologically compared to assess the relative importance of resistance components. Glandular and nonglandular trichome density and quantification of trichome exudate (anacardic acids) from inbred resistant and susceptible lines were determined. Three different extraction procedures were employed to quantify the anacardic acids: (1) capillary solvent extract, (2) leaf wipe, and (3) whole leaf extract. The results support the conclusion that tall glandular trichomes and the exudate they produce are the most important factors in small pest resistance in the geranium. In addition, it was shown that tall glandular trichome densities are less and the ability of the plant to express the anacardic acids as exudate on the trichome head exterior is lacking in the susceptible lines analyzed, even though all lines possessed the capability to synthesize the anacardic acids. A plant line of intermediate resistance character was shown to possess high densities of tall glandular trichomes but resembled susceptible plants in lacking the ability to express the anacardic acids as an exudate in appreciable quantities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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