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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polystyrene(1)/poly(butyl acrylate-methacrylic acid)(2) core-shell emulsion polymers. Part II: Thermomechanical properties of latex films (1992)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 270 (1992), S. 1208-1221 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Polystyrene(1)/poly(butyl acrylate-methacrylic acid)(2) ; core-shell ; morphology ; latex films ; phase arrangement ; mechanical properties ; differential thermal analysis ; scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Polystyrene(1)/poly(n-butyl acrylate-methacrylic acid)(2) structured latex particles were prepared through a two-stage emulsion polymerization procedure, using a polystyrene (PS) latex seed (118 nm), and differentn-butyl acrylate (BA)/methacrylic acid (MAA) ratios. Polymerization kinetics, particle morphology, and MAA location have already been discussed in the first part of this series. In this second part the thermomechanical behavior of films cast from these latexes was studied. Differential Thermal Analysis and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) were employed as characterization techniques for the films. Two polymer phases corresponding to polystyrene and a poly(BA-MAA) copolymer were distinguished. Comparison was made to analogous unfunctionalized PS/PBA systems, as a result of which an effect of MAA upon the phase arrangement in the film was found. Scanning Electron Microscopy of film samples and DMA showed that the evolution of the phase arrangement as a result of annealing was strongly dependent on the type of mechanical and heat treatments being applied to functionalized systems. Finally, the thermomechanical behavior of films was related to the structural features of the corresponding latexes, and computer simulation techniques wer eemployed to establish a mechanistic support for these relationships.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01095062
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cellulose-poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) blends studied by scanning electron microscopy and dynamic mechanical measurements (1993)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 271 (1993), S. 311-321 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Cellulose ; poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) ; polymer blend ; scanning electron microscopy ; dynamic mechanical analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract New polymer blends based on cellulose and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) were obtained using a mixture of N=methyl morpholine N-oxide (NMMO) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) as a common solvent system. Materials are obtained after the removing of NMMO-DMSO in three of their different solvents, namely i) H2O, ii) a mixture 95/5 vol/vol hexamethyl phosphororri amide (HMPA) DMSO and iii) a mixture of 95/5 vol/vol dioxan/water. Scanning electron microscopy techniques were extensively used and lead to the conclusion that all these blends in the composition range 25/75 w/w to 75/25 w/w cellulose/PVP are two-phase systems in which cellulose forms a continuous phase. Preliminary results from calorimetric and dynamic mechanical measurements confirm these observations. Furrthermore, it is shown that using dioxanwater preserves the initial cellulose PVP composition, allowing to get blends with the desired PVP fraction. Although it is not the case with HMPA/DMSO which dissolves a part of PVP, its use leads to assymmetric, porous structures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00657413
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polystyrene (1)/poly(butyl acrylate/amide type functional monomer) (2) two-stage emulsion polymers. Synthesis and thermomechanical properties of latex films (1995)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 33 (1995), S. 1559-1572 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: core-shell ; N-methylol acrylamide ; N-methylol methacrylamide ; N-isobutoxy methyl acrylamide ; butyl acrylate ; polystyrene seed ; latex ; emulsion polymerization ; structured particles ; particle morphology ; functional monomers ; latex films ; phase arrangement ; mechanical properties ; film forming ; scanning electron microscopy ; annealing ; percolation ; coalescence ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Polystyrene (PS) (1)/Poly (n-butyl acrylate (BA)/amide type functional monomer) (2) structured latex particles were prepared through emulsion polymerization varying the hydrophilicity of the functional monomer employed. The second-stage polymerization kinetics, the size and morphology of latex particles, and the location of the functional groups in the final latexes were studied, in order to relate them to the thermomechanical properties of films cast from these latexes. It has been shown that, as expected, increasing the hydrophobicity leads to a better homogeneity in the copolymer formed during the second-stage polymerization, while the more hydrophilic functional monomer partly homopolymerizes in a separate phase. However, the functionalization by all the monomers used in this work, prevents the PS seed particles to form a continuous skeleton (percolated network). Further heat treatments at 140°C do not lead to the formation of a continuous PS phase as for pure BA/pure PS two-stage particles. In addition, some thermally induced crosslinking effects are discussed in relation with the functional monomer location within the particles. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.1995.090331101
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cellulose-polyamide 66 blends. I. Processing and characterization (1994)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 32 (1994), S. 1437-1448 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: cellulose ; polyamide 66 ; blends ; N-methyl morpholine N-oxide ; differential scanning calorimetry ; scanning electron microscopy ; wide angle x-ray scattering ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Each homopolymer, cellulose and polyamide 66 (PA66), was separately dissolved in a mixture of N-methyl morpholine N-oxide and phenol (80/20 w/w). Then, the two solutions were mixed together. This step leads to the crystallization of PA66 in small aggregates (about 1 μ) regularly dispersed in the cellulose solution. It appeared that this morphology remains independent of further processing such as spinning or casting. Finally, fibers or films were precipitated in methanol. The entire preparation technique used here results mainly in two-phase systems in which PA66 domains are embedded in an amorphous cellulose matrix. The specimens obtained were at first characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, and wide angle x-ray scattering. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.1994.090320815
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