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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Behavioral responses of maleHeliothis armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) moths in a flight tunnel to combinations of components identified from female sex pheromone glands (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 3 (1990), S. 75-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: cotton bollworm ; Heliothis armigera ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; flight tunnel ; male behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Six compounds were identified from gland extracts of the cotton bollworm, Heliothis armigera(Hubner): (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z11-16:Ald), (Z)-9-hexa-decenal (Z9-16:Ald), hexadecanal, (Z)-11-hexadecenol (Z11-16:OH), (Z)-7-hexadecenal (Z7-16:Ald), and (Z)-9-tetradecenal (Z9-14:Ald). Each of the compounds that were identified was examined for its ability to elicit sexual responses from male moths in a flight tunnel. Males flew upwind to Z11-16:Ald alone, but greater levels of copulatory responses were evoked with the addition of 2.5% Z9-16:Ald to the Z11-16:Ald. Addition of hexadecanal to the binary mixture had no effect in raising the behavioral response of the males in the flight tunnel. The effect of Z7-16:Ald on male flight depended on the loading. The addition of 1% of this component to 2 mg of the binary mixture reduced levels of copulatory response, but the same addition (1 %) to 10 μg of the binary mixture increased copulatory response. The addition of 79-14:Ald or Z11-16:OH to the binary mixture reduced behavioral responses of males. High loadings of the binary mixture (200–2000 μg) were better than a low loading (10 μg) in eliciting response of males.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01049196
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sex pheromone components of female Cornutiplusia circumflexa (1991)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 60 (1991), S. 167-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Cornutiplusia circumflexa ; Plusiinae ; sex pheromone identification ; male response ; wind tunnel ; field test
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Capillary gas chromatography indicated the presence of (Z)-7-dodecenyl alcohol and (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate in the abdominal tip extracts of female Cornutiplusia circumflexa (L.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Plusiinae) moths. Gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry and dimethyl disulfide derivatization confirmed the structure of these two principal pheromone components. In a flight-tunnel bioassay, a 5:1 blend of alcohol and acetate elicited the complete courtship sequence by males. The response was comparable to that evoked by a live virgin female, but males spent significantly longer time at calling females than at the synthetic source. The 5:1 blend was also attractive to male C. circumflexa in the field, as indicated by catches in traps baited with this mixture. (Z)-7-dodecenyl alcohol alone was slightly attractive whereas (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate alone was completely inactive. C. circumflexa is the first reported Plusiinae species which utilizes (Z)-7-dodecenyl alcohol as the major pheromone component.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00177037
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of sex pheromone component of spruce budmothZeiraphera canadensis (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 15 (1989), S. 2435-2444 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Zeiraphera canadensis ; spruce budmoth ; (E)-9-tetradecenyl acetate ; sex pheromone ; Lepidoptera ; Tortricidae ; Eucosminae ; trapping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The analyses of virgin female sex pheromone gland extracts by gas chromatography (GC), GC-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) followed by field-trapping experiments, have identified (E)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (E9–14:Ac) as the primary sex pheromone component of the spruce budmoth,Zeiraphera canadensis. Dosages of 1.0–100.0 ⧎g ofE9–14:Ac impregnated in rubber septa provide effective trap baits.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01020374
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sex pheromone of the tomato looper,Plusia chalcites (ESP) (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 1081-1088 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Plusia chalcites ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; tomato looper ; sex pheromone identification ; glass WCOT capillary chromatography ; gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ; Z-7-dodencenyl acetate ; Z-9-tetra-decenyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Z-7-Dodecenyl acetate (A) andZ-9-tetradecenyl acetate (B), in a 5∶1 ratio, have been identified as sex pheromone components of femalePlusia chalcites. In addition, small amounts of dodecyl acetate, tetradecyl acetate, hexadecyl acetate, andZ-9-dodecenyl acetate have been found in the abdominal tip extracts. This is the first known Plusiinae species which utilizes a two-component primary sex pheromone system. The most effective lure found in field experiments was a mixture of 1 mg A and 0.2 mg B absorbed on rubber septa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987630
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Trimerization ofEarias insulana sex pheromone, (E,E)-10,12-Hexadecadienal, A phenomenon affecting trapping efficiency (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 10 (1984), S. 421-428 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Earias insulana ; spiny bollworm ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; (E,E)-10,12-hexadecadienal ; trimerization ; Chromatographic analysis ; nuclear magnetic resonance ; mass spectrometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The sex pheromone ofEarias insulana, (E,E)-10,12-hexadecadienal, may trimerize extensively to form a crystalline trioxane derivative. The structure of the trimer was deduced from its CI-MS and NMR spectra. Capillary GC analysis resulted in the thermal decomposition of the trimer to the monomer. This process could be studied on a 2-m packed column under specific conditions. A convenient separation between the pheromone and its trimer was achieved by TLC. The trimer was inactive in the field, and it has a harmful effect on the performance of the polyethylene dispenser. Material which contains large amounts of the trimer is unsuitable for field use, even if applied at high dosage. The pheromone should be analyzed by NMR or TLC in addition to GC in order to detect the presence of its trimer. The trimerization process is catalyzed by acid which should therefore be completely eliminated from the storing vessels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00988089
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of sex pheromone components from pheromone gland volatiles of the tomato looper,Plusia chalcites (Esp.) (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 991-1003 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Plusia chalcites ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; sex pheromone ; identification ; flight-tunnel bioassay ; (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-9-dodecenyl acetate ; (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The sex pheromone glands ofPlusia chalcites release, dodecyl acetate, (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate, (Z)-9-dodecenyl acetate, 11-dodecenyl acetate, (Z)-8-tridecenyl acetate, and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate. A combination of capillary GC, GC-MS, and dimethyl disulfide derivatization enabled a rigorous identification of all these compounds, some of which were previously found in gland extracts. Bioassays in a flight tunnel showed that a ternary blend of (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate, (Z)-9-dodecenyl acetate, and (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate elicited directed flights from 85 to 100% of the males tested and elicited copulation attempts, at the end of the flights, from 44 to 74% of the males tested. This blend was equal in activity to the natural gland extract. Addition of the other acetates had only a slight influence on the activity of this mixture. Substitution of either (Z)-9-dodecenyl acetate or (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate in this blend by 11-dodecenyl acetate gave two ternary mixtures which also elicited high levels of courtship activity, almost as high as that of the original blend. Addition of (Z)-7-dodecenyl alcohol inhibited almost totally the flight activity of males.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01020533
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Female sex pheromone of oriental tobacco budworm,Helicoverpa assulta (Guenee) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Identification and field testing (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 18 (1992), S. 403-418 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Helicoverpa assulta ; Heliothis ; Lepidoptera ; Noctuidae ; hexadecanal ; (Z)-9-hexadecenal ; (Z)-11-hexadecenal ; hexadecyl acetate ; (Z)-9-hexadecenyl acetate ; (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate ; hexadecan-1-ol ; (Z)-9-hexadecen-1-ol ; (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol ; sex pheromone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of ovipositor washings from virgin femaleHelicoverpa assulta (Guenée) (Lepidoptere: Noctuidae) from Korea by gas chromatography (GC) linked to electroantennography and GC linked to mass spectrometry resulted in the identification of nine compounds, hexadecanal, (Z)-9-hexadecenal, (Z)-11-hexadecenal, hexadecyl acetate, (Z)-9-hexadecenyl acetate, (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate, hexadecan-l-ol, (Z)-9-hexadecen-l-ol, and (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol. However, ovipositor washings from females from Thailand contained mainly the 16-carbon aldehydes with very small amounts of (Z)-9-hexadecenyl acetate. Field tests conducted in Korea, China, and Thailand indicated that a binary blend of (Z)-9-hexadecenal and (Z)-11-hexadecenal was sufficient for attraction, although the most attractive ratio of compounds varied with location. In Korea a 20∶1 blend of compounds was the most attractive, while in Thailand a 7.5∶1 blend was most attractive. In China both blends of hexadecenal isomers were equally attractive. Addition of the hexadecenyl acetates to the 20∶1 blend of hexadecenals in the ratio of 1∶3.3 increased the trap catch of maleH. assulta compared to lures containing the aldehydes alone in Korea but reduced trap catch in China. Addition of the hexadecenyl acetates to the 7.5∶1 blend of hexadecenals had no significant effect on trap catch in Thailand or China compared to the aldehydes alone. The addition of the 16-carbon alcohols to the aldehydes had a significantly inhibitory effect in all three countries, suggesting they are not pheromone components. Taken together these results indicate thatH. assulta is polymorphic with at least two populations responding to different sex pheromones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00994240
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