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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of phenylphosphorodiamidate and N-(n-butyl)thiophosphorictriamide to reduce ammonia loss and increase grain yield following application of urea to flooded rice (1995)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 41 (1995), S. 59-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: denitrification ; nitrogen loss ; phosphoroamides ; urea hydrolysis ; urease ; volatilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ammonia (NH3) volatilization is an important mechanism for nitrogen (N) loss from flooded rice fields following the application of urea into the floodwater. One method of reducing losses is to use a urease inhibitor that retards the hydrolysis of urea by soil urease and allows the urea to diffuse deeper into the soil. The two chemicals that have shown most promise in laboratory and greenhouse studies are phenylphosphorodiamidate [PPD] and N-(n-butyl)thiophosphorictriamide [NBPT], but they seldom work effectively in the field. PPD decomposes rapidly when the pH departs from neutrality, and NBPT must be converted to the oxygen analogue [N-(n-butyl)phosphorictriamide, NBPTO] for it to be effective. Our field studies in Thailand showed that NH3 loss is markedly reduced when PPD is added with the algicide terbutryn. The studies also showed that a mixture of PPD and NBPT was even more effective than either PPD or NBPT alone. It appears that initially PPD inhibited urease activity, and during this time at least part of the NBPT was converted to NBPTO; then as the activity of PPD declined, NBPTO inhibited the hydrolysis of urea. The combined urease inhibitor treatment reduced NH3 loss from 15 to 3% of the applied N, and increased grain yield from 3.6 to 4.1 t ha−1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00749521
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of urease, nitrification and algal inhibitors on ammonia loss and grain yield of flooded rice in Thailand (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 40 (1994), S. 225-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: cyclohexylphosphorictriamide ; denitrification ; nitrogen loss ; N-(n-butyl)phosphorictriamide ; phenylacetylene ; terbutryn ; urea ; volatilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports a study, in a flooded rice field in Thailand, on the effects of two urease inhibitors, cyclohexylphosphorictriamide (CHPT) and N-(n-butyl)phosphorictriamide (NBPTO), the nitrification inhibitor phenylacetylene and an algicide treatment, consisting of alternate additions of copper sulfate and terbutryn at ~3 day intervals, on nitrogen (N) transformations and transfers, and grain yield. The addition of algicide reduced the growth of algae and maintained the pH of the floodwater below that of the control for 11 days. Judging from the ammoniacal N concentrations of the floodwater, phenylacetylene inhibited nitrification. The two urease inhibitors markedly reduced urea hydrolysis and CHPT was more effective than NBPTO. Addition of CHPT maintained the ammoniacal N concentration of the floodwater below 2 g m−3 for 11 days and reduced ammonia loss by ~90%. All urease inhibitor treatments in combination with algicide and / or nitrification inhibitor significantly (p 〈 0.05) increased the recovery of applied N by the plant. Addition of NBPTO or CHPT in combination with phenylacetylene and algicide resulted in a 2 or 3 fold increase of applied N in the grain, and significantly (p 〈 0.05) increased grain yield.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750469
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of urease inhibitors to reduce ammonia loss following application of urea to flooded rice fields (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 155-156 (1993), S. 371-373 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: nitrogen loss ; volatilization ; fertilizer efficiency ; micrometeorology ; gas exchange
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ammonia (NH3) volatilization is an important mechanism for nitrogen (N) loss from flooded rice fields following the application of urea into the floodwater. One method of reducing losses is to use a urease inhibitor that retards the hydrolysis of urea by soil urease and allows the urea to diffuse deeper into the soil. The two chemicals that have shown most promise are phenylphosphorodiamidate [PPD] and N(n-butyl)thiophosphorictriamide [NBPT], but they seldom work effectively. PPD decomposes rapidly when the pH departs from neutrality, and NBPT must be converted to the oxygen analogue for it to be effective. Our field studies in Thailand show that the activity of PPD can be prolonged, and NH3 loss markedly reduced, by controlling the floodwater pH with the algicide terbutryn. A mixture of NBPT and PPD in the presence of terbutryn was even more effective than PPD alone. It appears that during the time when the PPD was effective, NBPT was being converted to the oxygen analogue. The combined urease inhibitor-algicide treatment reduced NH3 loss from 10 to 0.4 kg N ha-1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025060
    Library Location Call Number Volume/Issue/Year Availability
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
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