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  • 1
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: Spectra of highly ionized praseodymium and dysprosium recorded from the Texas tokamak (TEXT) plasma have been analyzed in the 50–250-A(ring) range. The spectra contain high-intensity continuum bands in the region below 100 A(ring) and bright individual lines above this wavelength. Lines of highly ionized praseodymium and dysprosium have been identified. The highest ionization state reached in the 1-keV central electron temperature tokamak plasma was Cu i-like Pr xxxi. The composition of the bands is explained in terms of a new theoretical approach developed to treat large unresolved transition arrays. The brightness of the continuum is compared with that of intense spectral lines emitted in the same wavelength range.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 72 (2001), S. 731-731 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik , Elektrotechnik, Elektronik, Nachrichtentechnik
    Notizen: The ultrasoft x-ray imaging system on National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) became operational and provided the first data in the filtered diode slow bow tie configuration. Using different band pass filters on each of three arrays allows an approximate spectroscopic estimate of the plasma impurity content, as well as of the electron temperature. Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) activity from different plasma regions is also observed. The soft x-ray emission profiles are well behaved until an Internal Reconnection Event occurs. Examples of NSTX MHD phenomena seen in the ultrasoft x-ray emission under different operational regimes will be presented. From a technical point of view, we point out that the industrial PC based data acquisition system was not adversely affected by stray magnetic fields due to its close proximity to the NSTX device. Also, the surface barrier diodes withstood baking to 100 °C relatively well.© 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik , Elektrotechnik, Elektronik, Nachrichtentechnik
    Notizen: Recent upgrades to CDX-U spherical torus diagnostics include two 10-channel AXUV diode arrays. The multilayer mirror (MLM) array measures the λ150 O VI brightness profile in the poloidal plane using the Mo/B4C synthetic multilayer structures as dispersive elements. The foil filter array has a tangential view and is equipped with interchangeable clear aperture, beryllium and titanium filters. This allows measurements of radiated power, O VI or C V radial distributions, respectively. The O VI and C V emissivity and the radiated power profiles are highly peaked. A Neoclassical impurity accumulation mechanism is considered as an explanation. For radiated power measurements in the Te≤100 eV plasmas, photon energy dependent corrections must be used in order to account for nonlinear AXUV sensitivity in the range Ephot≤20 eV. The arrays are also used for characterization of resistive MHD phenomena, such as the low m modes, saw-tooth oscillations and internal reconnection events. Based on the successful operation of the diagnostics, a new ultra soft x-ray multilayer mirror diode AXUV diode array monitoring the 34 Å emissivity distribution of C VI will be built and installed on the National Spherical Torus Experiment. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik , Elektrotechnik, Elektronik, Nachrichtentechnik
    Notizen: The electron cyclotron emission (ECE) diagnostic on FTU tokamak is routinely performed with a Michelson interferometer with spectral range extending up to 1300 GHz. The diagnostic allowed accurate electron temperature measurements during the recent 140 GHz electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) experiments on FTU. Very accurate measurements have been performed on a wide range of electron temperatures and profile peaking. The ECE measurements have been compared with Thomson scattering and with observations of x-ray spectra from highly stripped molybdenum ions. The suprathermal emission in these conditions has been studied. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik , Elektrotechnik, Elektronik, Nachrichtentechnik
    Notizen: We present the design for a novel spectroscopic instrument for two-dimensional imaging of low-amplitude, fast fluctuations from magnetically confined fusion devices. The instrument is similar in principle to an ultrasoft x-ray (USXR) telescope recently developed for astrophysics application and uses a large (10–20-cm-diam), spherical multilayer mirror to select and concentrate a bright USXR impurity line (e.g., C VI Lyα at 33.7 Å, or C VI Hα at 182 Å), onto a low-noise fast, two-dimensional detector. A first version of the telescope will use a fast phosphor to convert the USXR image into visible light, which is then guided using fiber optics to a fast/gated charge-coupled-device camera outside the vacuum. Detailed signal-to-noise analysis indicates that, due to the high energy and brightness of the USXR line emission and large reflectivity of the present mirrors, such an instrument would allow imaging of subpercent amplitude fluctuations with ≤10 μs time resolution and sub-cm spatial resolution. At the same time, ray-tracing calculations show that a quite large plasma region (up to a few tens of cm extent) can be imaged. Another version of the telescope would use a two-dimensional array of extreme ultraviolet diodes at the focal plane, in which case fluctuations up to (approximate)0.1% could be imaged. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik , Elektrotechnik, Elektronik, Nachrichtentechnik
    Notizen: The Plasma Spectroscopy Group of The Johns Hopkins University is developing diagnostics for spectroscopic characterization of the tokamak plasma scrape-off layer and divertor regions. A far ultraviolet polychromator has been designed for radiative divertor studies at the Alcator C-Mod and D-IIID tokamaks. Local measurements of resonant transitions of lithium- to boron-like ions of intrinsic or seeded low Z impurity elements will be performed along multiple chords around the X point. Planar diffraction gratings and stacked grids will be used for dispersion and angular collimation of radiation. Phosphor wavelength converters coupled to a photomultiplier tube by an optical fiber will be used as detectors. The design provides a wavelength resolution of (similar, equals)10 Å, a spatial resolution of ≤2 cm, and an adequate photometric sensitivity. The in-vessel instrument, proposed for the Alcator C-Mod tokamak, will measure intensities of the lines at 1240 (N V), 765, 923 (N IV), and 990 Å (N III). The port-mounted polychromator at DIII-D will be able to monitor intensities of 1550 (C IV), 977, 1176 (C III), and 1335 Å (C II) lines. This, together with visible and bolometric diagnostics, should enable estimates of power losses, charge state distribution and local transport of the impurity ions in the divertor. A one-channel prototype of the C-Mod and D-IIID instruments is being built for the CDX-U spherical tokamak. Line-integrated brightnesses of the 2s–2p transition at 1550 Å will be measured and inverted to obtain C IV emissivity distribution. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik , Elektrotechnik, Elektronik, Nachrichtentechnik
    Notizen: In present magnetically confined fusion devices, high and intermediate Z impurities are either puffed into the plasma for divertor radiative cooling experiments or are sputtered from the high Z plasma facing armor. The beneficial cooling of the edge as well as the detrimental radiative losses from the core of these impurities can be properly understood only if the atomic physics used in the modeling of the cooling curves is very accurate. To this end, a comprehensive experimental and theoretical analysis of some relevant impurities is undertaken. Gases (Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe) are puffed and nongases are introduced through laser ablation into the FTU tokamak plasma. The charge state distributions and total density of these impurities are determined from spatial scans of several photometrically calibrated vacuum ultraviolet and x-ray spectrographs (3–1600 Å), the multiple ionization state transport code transport code (MIST) and a collisional radiative model. The radiative power losses are measured with bolometery, and the emissivity profiles were measured by a visible bremsstrahlung array. The ionization balance, excitation physics, and the radiative cooling curves are computed from the Hebrew University Lawrence Livermore atomic code (HULLAC) and are benchmarked by these experiments. (Supported by U.S. DOE Grant No. DE-FG02-86ER53214 at JHU and Contract No. W-7405-ENG-48 at LLNL.) © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik , Elektrotechnik, Elektronik, Nachrichtentechnik
    Notizen: The soft x-ray and extreme ultraviolet (XUV) impurity emissions from tokamaks (10 Å〈λ〈304 Å) have been extensively studied with high-resolution grazing incidence spectrographs, and atomic physics models predicting spectral line brightnesses have been benchmarked against these experimental data. This, together with the ability to perform large amounts of accurate atomic physics computations, enables the relaxation on the requirement for high resolution spectra. The multilayer mirror (MLM) is a low resolving power (λ/δ λ〈100) XUV dispersive/reflective optical element that obeys the Bragg law of reflection. MLM based monitors are compact, high-photon-throughput diagnostics capable of extracting XUV emissions of impurities from the harsh environment of large fusion reactor-type devices. We will show how atomic physics modeling can be used to extract the XUV spectral line brightnesses measured with low-resolution, high-photon-throughput, MLM-based devices. The Plasma Spectroscopy Group at The Johns Hopkins University has investigated the application of MLM based diagnostics for magnetically confined fusion plasmas: MLM based monitors have been constructed for and extensively used on DIII–D, Alcator C-Mod, TEXT, Phaedrus-T, and CDX-U to study the impurity behavior of elements ranging from He to Mo. Experiments were also performed in which MLMs were irradiated to a fast neutron fluence of 1.1×1019 n cm−2 at 270–300 °C, and the preliminary results indicate that MLMs would be a good first wall reflector for fusion plasmas. Future applications of MLM based devices to study divertor coolants (Ne, Ar, and Kr emissions) and "killer pellet" (W emissions) experiments will also be discussed. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik , Elektrotechnik, Elektronik, Nachrichtentechnik
    Notizen: The MLM (multilayer mirror) polychromator has two modes of operation. In the first mode, it simultaneously monitors the Ly α and β emissions of H-like O at 19.0 and 16.0 A(ring), respectively, the Ly α emission of C at 33.7 A(ring), and the singlet and triplet transitions of He-like C at 40.5 A(ring). In the second mode, it simultaneously monitors the Ly α and β emissions of H-like C at 33.7 and 28.5 A(ring), respectively, as well as the 15.6 and 93.9 A(ring) emissions of F-like Fe. The MLM polychromator has a wavelength resolution that varies from 0.3 A(ring) at 16.0 A(ring) to 2 A(ring) at 40.5 A(ring) and 7 A(ring) at 93.9 A(ring). It was mounted on the midplane of the Phaedrus-T tokamak with its line of sight along the major radius. On a shot by shot basis, the MLM polychromator, with a temporal resolution of 1 ms and a spatial resolution of 1 cm, scanned the plasma in the z direction ±15 cm from the toroidal magnetic axis. Vertical asymmetries in the soft x-ray spectral line brightness profiles were measured and found to depend on the direction of BT. The brightness profiles were inverted and modeled with a poloidally asymmetric Gaussian emissivity profile. The measured results were compared with the predicted emissivity profiles to determine the transport of carbon. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 70 (1999), S. 572-576 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik , Elektrotechnik, Elektronik, Nachrichtentechnik
    Notizen: A spectrally resolved ultrasoft x-ray imaging system, consisting of arrays of high resolution (〈2 Å) and throughput (≥tens of kHz) miniature monochromators, and based on multilayer mirrors and absolute photodiodes, is being designed for the National Spherical Torus Experiment. Initially, three poloidal arrays of diodes filtered for C 1s-np emission will be implemented for fast tomographic imaging of the colder start-up plasmas. Later on, mirrors tuned to the C Lyα emission will be added in order to enable the arrays to "see" the periphery through the hot core and to study magnetohydrodynamic activity and impurity transport in this region. We also discuss possible core diagnostics, based on tomographic imaging of the Lyα emission from the plume of recombined, low Z impurity ions left by neutral beams or fueling pellets. The arrays can also be used for radiated power measurements and to map the distribution of high Z impurities injected for transport studies. The performance of the proposed system is illustrated with results from test channels on the CDX-U spherical torus at Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
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