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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 7 (1993), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Energietechnik
    Notizen: Basic questions which must be answered before standards for protecting the health of recreational users of water can be developed are considered. These questions are then used to assess the ways in which such standards and guidelines have been developed in North America and Europe. Only the North American guidelines have used epidemiological investigations to define risks to health, and other standards are apparently arbitrary. All the standards considered are directed primarily at bathing, although other water sports may involve greater or lesser degrees of contact with water and hence different risks. The statistical difficulties in defining both the central levels of counts of faecal indicator bacteria and their variability are discussed, because these affect the way in which standards are drafted and implemented. The point is made that only longterm improvements in marine disposal schemes can improve microbiological conditions and reduce risks to health, and that the main benefit of standards is to point out where such improvements are needed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 4 (1990), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Energietechnik
    Notizen: New UK regulations from June 1989 will enforce the provisions of an EC Directive on the use of sewage sludge in agriculture. Among the requirements is one that sludge should be treated before surface application to farmland. Treatment is needed to reduce ‘significantly’ both the fermentability of sludge and the health hazards resulting from its use on farms. In the UK, the health risks associated with sludge are principally beef tapeworm (Taenia saginata and cysticercosis) and Salmonellosis. Research on the effects of various treatment processes on pathogens has shown the conditions required to produce a 90% reduction of T. saginata and Salmonellae. This information has been used as a basis for describing a list of ‘effective’ treatment processes and process conditions - as given in a new UK National Code of Practice on the use of sludge in agriculture. The uprating of existing treatment plant, or provision of new plant, to meet the Code of Practice recommendations could involve significant costs. A comparison of the economics of each of the ‘effective’ treatment processes for different population sizes shows a fairly wide range of net present costs. In general, increased sludge quality means increased costs.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 17 (2003), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Energietechnik
    Notizen: The decay of Escherichia coli in a sandy loam soil, amended with enhanced and conventionally treated biosolids, was investigated in a field experiment following spring and autumn applications of sewage sludge. Control soils, without the application of biosolids, were also examined to determine the background indigenous populations of E. coli which are present in the environment. The survival of indigenous E coli and populations of E coli applied to soil in biosolids, is assessed in relation to environmental factors influencing pathogen-decay processes in soil.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 3 (1989), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Quelle: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Thema: Energietechnik
    Notizen: This paper deals with concepts and methods that may be used in the assessment and management of risks associated with aquatic recreation. It aims to explore potential approaches and to indicate their strengths and weaknesses. The paper concentrates on hazards encountered in bathing, swimming and water-contact sports that may be affected by water quality. Aspects discussed include: the role of society in regulating risks that are taken voluntarily by individuals; the difficulties of measuring those risks by means of epidemiological studies; the questionable predictive power of bacterial indicators and the problem of finding a satisfactory rationale for determining the standards for recreational waters.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Bibliothek Standort Signatur Band/Heft/Jahr Verfügbarkeit
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