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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adaptation in chemoreceptor cells (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 165 (1989), S. 669-677 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The cross-adapting effects of chemical backgrounds on the response of primary chemoreceptor cells to superimposed stimuli were studied using NH4 receptor cells, of known spectral tuning, from the lobster (Homarus americanus). 2. Spectrum experiments: The spectral tuning of NH4 receptor cells was investigated using NH4Cl and 7 other compounds selected as the most stimulatory non-best compounds for NH4 cells from a longer list of compounds tested in previous studies. Based on their responses to the compounds tested, 3 spectral subpopulations of NH4 cells were revealed: NH4-Glu cells which responded second-best to Glutamate (Glu); NH4- Bet cells which responded second-best to Betaine (Bet); and ‘pure’ NH4 cells, which responded to NH4C1 only (Fig. 1). 3. Cross-adaptation experiments: Overall, cross-adaptation with Glu and Bet backgrounds caused suppression of response of NH4 receptor cells to various concentrations of NH4Cl. However, the different subpopulations of NH4 cells were affected differently: (a) The stimulus-response functions of NH4-Glu cells were significantly suppressed by both a 3 μM (G3) and 300 μM (G300) Glu backgrounds, (b) The stimulus-response functions of NH4-Bet cells was not affected by a 3 μM (B3), but significantly suppressed by a 300μM (B300) Bet background. (c) The stimulus-response functions of pure NH4 cells were not affected by any of the Glu or Bet backgrounds (Figs. 3, 4). 4. The stimulus-response functions of 5 cells from all different subpopulations were enhanced by cross-adaptation with the G300 and B300 backgrounds (Fig. 4, Table 1). 5. Whereas self-adaptation caused parallel shifts in stimulus-response functions (Borroni and Atema 1988), cross-adaptation caused a decrease in slope of stimulus-response functions. Implications of the results from cross- and self-adaptation experiments on NH4 receptor cells, for a receptor cell model are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00610998
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response properties of lobster chemoreceptors: tuning of primary taste neurons in walking legs (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 155 (1984), S. 593-604 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. We determined the tuning properties of 66 single chemoreceptor cells from the legs of the lobsterHomarus americanus. The specificity of these (taste) cells was tested electrophysiologically in the upper range of biologically relevant stimulus concentrations (3×10−4 mol/l) with 15 compounds listed in Table 1. 2. Most of the chemoreceptors surveyed were narrowly tuned to specific test chemicals (Fig. 3). The best stimuli for these chemoreceptors were glutamate (Glu), ammonium chloride (NH4), betaine (Bet) and hydroxyproline (OH-Pro) (Fig. 4). Cell populations were defined by their best stimulus. Populations of cells responding best to Glu and NH4 were extremely narrowly tuned; populations responding best to Bet and OH-Pro were less narrowly tuned (Fig. 5, Table 2). 3. Each cell population showed a range of response specificities, from cells responding to only one compound to cells responding more broadly to other compounds. Within each population cells were arranged by their tuning breadth (H). Cells that shared a best stimulus but responded also to other compounds showed no consistency for the next best stimulus (Fig. 6). This suggests that even cells responding to the same stimulus do not share the same receptor complement. 4. The response patterns to Glu, NH4 and Bet elicited across all the chemoreceptor cells surveyed can be distinguished statistically as different from each other and from all others tested. Similarly, OH-Pro can be distinguished from all other stimuli except glycine and taurine (Figs. 8 and 9). 5. Systematic prior exposure to all 15 test compounds (corresponding to 21 stimulus exposures) at our stimulus concentrations reduced the absolute sensitivity of Glu best cells but did not change the slope of their dose-response functions (Fig. 10) with respect to earlier results (Derby and Atema 1982a). 6. We suggest that extremely narrowly tuned cells in lobster legs may function to detect key compounds as feeding stimuli over a large dynamic range of mixture concentrations such as found in nature. These cells may not be affected as much as broadly tuned cells by ambient backgrounds of cross-adapting compounds. In addition, both narrowly tuned and broadly tuned cells may participate in across fiber patterns to encode the quality of naturally occurring stimulus mixtures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00610845
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response properties of lobster chemoreceptors: tuning of olfactory neurons sensitive to hydroxy-proline (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 162 (1988), S. 201-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. A prominent population of olfactory receptor cells from the lobsterHomarus americanus is narrowly tuned to trans-4-hydroxyl-L-proline (Hyp, Fig. 1) suggesting that Hyp may be an important chemical signal for this animal (Johnson and Atema 1983). However, Hyp is usually bound in connective tissue proteins of lobster prey and thus may be unavailable in sufficient quantities as a free amino acid to stimulate chemoreceptors. To determine other possible adequate stimuli for Hyp sensitive cells we further examined their tuning using a variety of substances including other amino acids also found in collagens, Hyp isomers (Fig. 1), synaptic receptor agonists, ecdysones, purified natural collagens and their gelatins (Fig. 2), and different molecular weight fractions of a commercial gelatin solution (Table 1). 2. Of a first group of Hyp sensitive cells (N=29) tested with the compounds in Table 1 A, 21 responded best to Hyp. Only a commercial gelatin solution (SG1) and its one-tenth dilution consistently elicited responses from these cells (Fig. 3). The remaining 8 cells responded best to the SG1 solutions (5 cells) or to one of the other test substances (Table 2). 3. Of a second group of Hyp sensitive cells (N=27) tested with the collagen and gelatin solutions (Table 1b), 19 responded best to Hyp. Again, the Hyp best cells rarely responded to any test substance other than Hyp and a commercial gelatin solution, SG2, and its greater than 12 kD fraction, SG2-12 (Fig. 4). SG2 and SG2-12 were equally effective for the Hyp best cells. The remaining 8 cells responded best to either SG2 (2 cells), SG2-12 (2 cells) or one of the purified gelatin or collagen solutions (Table 3). 4. A third group of Hyp sensitive cells (N=21) was tested with SG2, SG2-12, and a greater than 1 kD fraction of SG2 (SG2-1; Table 1c). Based on the mean response, the most effective stimulus for these cells was SG2-12, followed by SG2-1, SG2 and Hyp. The high mean response for the SG2 solutions was mainly due to a few cells giving large responses to these stimuli (Fig. 6). Ten of these 21 cells responded best to Hyp; all but 2 responded to one or more of the SG2 solutions; the other 11 cells responded best to either SG2, SG2-12 or SG2-1, which were all best stimuli for different cells (Fig. 5). 5. Overall, the 77 Hyp sensitive cells tested here can be divided into two main types; 65% Hyp best cells and 31% gelatin best cells. The Hyp best cells seem to be a distinct population of receptors: they have no spontaneous activity and give low responses (15 spikes in 5 s) even to their ‘best’ stimulus, Hyp. In contrast, the gelatin best cells are not infrequently spontaneously active and can give high responses to their best stimulus (up to 150 spikes in 5 s). In addition, when tested specifically in the third group, the Hyp cells appear to have a tuning spectrum distinct from the gelatin best cells (Fig. 7). 6. Stimulation of Hyp cells by gelatin solutions may be due to Hyp-containing peptides derived from the gelatin. Enzymatic tissue breakdown from the lobster's prey could produce chemical mixtures that stimulate prominent receptor populations which respond to both high (gelatin best cells) and low (Hyp best cells) molecular weight substances. This could create a central representation of food based on parallel receptor lines of somewhat overlapping sensitivity. Together, Hyp best and gelatin best receptor cell populations may give important information on the presence and state of decay of the lobster's food.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00606085
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Behavioral responses of crayfish (Orconectes virilis andOrconectes rusticus) to chemical feeding stimulants (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 14 (1988), S. 123-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Crayfish ; Orconectes virilis ; Orconectes rusticus ; Crustacea ; chemoreception ; feeding behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract We conducted two experiments to assess how chemical stimuli affect feeding behavior, grooming, and walking in the crayfishesOrconectes virilis andOrconectes rusticus. In the first experiment,O. virilis was tested with 29 amino acids; in the second experiment,0. rusticus was tested with 12 amino acids, 13 additional single compounds, and two six-compound mixtures. InO. virilis, the following amino acids, in order of potency, elicited feeding movements:l-isoleucine, glycine, hydroxy-l-proline,l-glutamate,l-valine, and B-alanine. Grooming increased in response tol-phenylalanine,l-tryptophan,l-tyrosine,l-leucine,l-methionine, and D-aspartate. InO. rusticus, both mixtures and the following single compounds, in order of potency, elicited feeding movements: cellobiose, sucrose, glycine, maltose, glycogen, nicotinic acid methyl ester, putrescine, andl-glutamate. Grooming increased in response to putrescine only, and walking increased in response to glycogen only. The responsiveness of these crayfishes to a wide variety of chemicals may reflect the omnivorous foraging habits of these crustaceans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01022536
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Alarm response of the marine mud snail,Nassarius obsoletus: Specificity and behavioral priority (1977)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 3 (1977), S. 159-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Nassarius obseletus ; N. vibex ; N. trivittatus ; Urosalpinx cinerea ; marine mud snail ; alarm response
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Nassarius obsoletus, N. vibex, andN. trivittatus were exposed to juices of conspecifics and taxonomically and ecologically related gastropod species. Conspecific juices caused the strongest alarm responses, while those from taxonomically related species (congeners) induced less pronounced responses. Juices from nonrelated species induced no alarm response with one notable exception, the strong alarm response ofN. trivittatus toUrosalpinx cinerea juices. Nonrelated gastropod species induced stronger feeding responses than more closely related species. The strongest feeding responses, however, were induced by juices from nongastropod mollusks. The apparent balance between feeding attraction to less related species and alarm response to more related species was further examined by manipulating the snails' diet. Starvation resulted in a great reduction of conspecific alarm responsiveness. Following the resumption of feeding, the original responsiveness was again observed. Although the alarm response is likely an antipredator device, conclusive evidence for its effectiveness in reducing predation is lacking. One of the predators ofNassarius obsoletus which may be responsible for maintenance of an alarm response is the green crab,Carcinus maenas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00994143
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Narrow-spectrum chemoreceptor cells in the walking legs of the lobsterHomarus americanus: Taste specialists (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 146 (1982), S. 181-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The chemoreceptors in the legs of lobsters function in the localization and handling of food (Derby and Atema 1982b). Multi-unit neurophysiological analysis of these receptors has demonstrated that certain amino acids and amines are highly excitatory stimuli, some peptides and proteins are moderately excitatory, whereas carbohydrates, alcohols, nucleosides, and nucleotides are in general only slightly excitatory (Derby and Atema 1982a). By single-unit extracellular recording techniques, the specificity of single primary chemoreceptor cells is described here in detail. 2. In contrast to what is known in vertebrates, narrow-spectrum chemoreceptors of several different types were found, each type responding with maximal sensitivity to only one of the following compounds: L-glutamate, L-glutamine, L-arginine, taurine, betaine, and ammonium chloride. Narrow-spectrum cells responsive to glutathione, hydroxy-L-proline, L-aspartate, glycine, and γ-aminobutyrate (GABA) were searched for but were not found. 3. The most extensively studied type of receptor — thel-glutamate sensitive cell group — responded with less than 8% of thel-glutamate response to 25 other compounds at equimolar concentrations. 4. Ammonium chloride sensitive cells were also highly specific. The most effective stimuli for these cells, other than ammonium chloride, werel-ornithine andl-citrulline; however, even at 3.5×10−4 M, these compounds were only 11.6% and 6.2%, respectively, as effective as 3.5×10−6 M ammonium chloride. 5. The other groups of narrow-spectrum cells -l-arginine,l-glutamine, taurine, and betaine sensitive chemoreceptors — showed equally strong specificity. There is also evidence for a protein-best cell, which responded to hemoglobin but not to its enzymatically-digested components. 6. There was one cell that did not fit the narrow-specificity response pattern. It responded to at least 7 of 15 compounds tested at 3.5×10−4 M, 4 of 15 at 3.5×10−5 M, and 3 of 15 at 3.5×10−6 M. 7. These results indicate that the peripheral coding system in the legs of lobsters is based largely but perhaps not exclusively on narrow-spectrum chemoreceptor cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00610236
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adaptation in chemoreceptor cells (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 164 (1988), S. 67-74 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The self-adapting effects of chemical backgrounds on the response of primary chemoreceptor cells to superimposed stimuli were studied using lobster (Homarus americanus) NH4 receptor cells. 2. These receptors responded for several seconds to the onset of the backgrounds, and then returned to their initial level of spontaneous activity (usually zero). The strongest response always occurred only during the steepest concentration change; the response then decayed back to zero or to the earlier spontaneous firing level, while the background concentration was still rising, and remained silent during the entire time that the background was maintained constant (20–30 min) (Fig. 2). 3. Exposure to constant self-adapting backgrounds eliminated the responses of NH4 receptor cells to stimuli of concentration lower than the background, and reduced the responses to all higher stimulus concentrations tested by a nearly equal amount. This resulted in a parallel shift of the stimulus-response function to the right along the abscissa (Figs. 3 and 4). 4. Since the response threshold was completely re-set by adaptation to backgrounds, NH4 receptors seem to function mostly as detectors of relative rather than absolute stimulus intensity across their entire dynamic range: the response to a given stimulus-to-background ratio remained the same over 3 log step increases of background concentration (Fig. 6). 5. As in other sensory modalities, a parallel shift of response functions appears to be an important property of chemoreceptor cells, allowing for this sensory system to function over a wider stimulus intensity range than the instantaneous dynamic range of individual receptor cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00612719
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diet manipulation affects social behavior of catfish (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 13 (1987), S. 1645-1661 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Pheromones ; body odors ; catfish ; diet ; Ictalurus nebulosus ; social behavior ; amino acids ; urine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Diet manipulation, an habituation test, and chemical analysis of urinary free amino acids were used to demonstrate that bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) naturally detect the body odors of conspecifics and respond to them in a predictable fashion. These signals are used in dominance and territorial relationships and lead to increased aggression toward chemical “strangers.” The results support the general notion that nonspecific metabolites, as well as specific pheromones, are important in chemical mediation of social behavior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00980206
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemical orientation of lobsters, homarus americanus, in turbulent odor plumes (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 17 (1991), S. 1293-1307 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Chemotaxis ; chemoreception ; orientation ; lobster ; Homarus ; americanus ; odor plume
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The lobster,Homarus americanus, relies upon its lateral antennules to make initial directional choices in a turbulent odor plume. To determine whether chemical signals provide cues for source direction and distance during orientation, we studied the search patterns of the lobster orienting within a turbulent odor plume. In an odor plume, animals walked significantly more slowly and most often up the middle of the tank; control animals (no odor present) walked rapidly in straight lines, frequently along a wall. Search patterns were not stereotyped either for the population of experimental animals or for individuals. Three different phases of orientation were evident: an initial stage during which the animals increased their walking speeds and decreased their heading angles; an intermediate stage where both the walking speed and headings were constant; and the final stage close to the source, where heading angles increased while walking speed decreased. During this last stage the animals appear to be switching from a distance orientation (mediated by the antennules) to a local food search (mediated by the walking legs) as evidenced by a great increase in leg-raking behavior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00983763
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Selective improvement in responses to prey odors by the lobster,Homarus americanus, following feeding experience (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 7 (1981), S. 1073-1080 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Lobster ; Homarus americanus ; chemoreception ; feeding behavior ; behavioral plasticity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Lobsters can detect odors from two natural prey species, the horse musselModiolus modiolus and the blue musselMytilusedulis. When lobsters fed exclusively on one of these two prey species for one month, their behavioral response threshold for the prey odor from this species was lowered relative to the threshold for odor from the nonexperienced prey.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00987629
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