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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ochratoxin a production in Bavarian cereal grains stored at 15 and 19% moisture content (1992)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 23 (1992), S. 259-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Wheat, barley, and maize, each in 15-kg parcels at 15 and 19% initial moisture content (IMC), were kept in a Bavarian farm granary from June through November 1990. During this period, the grain at each IMC was analyzed for mycotoxins and monitored for grain temperature, carbon dioxide, seed germination, and microfloral incidence and abundance. Barley and maize stored for 20 weeks at 19% IMC contained ochratoxin A in amounts of 70 and 90 μg/kg, respectively. This mycotoxin was not detected in wheat stored at 19% IMC, nor in the grains stored at 15% IMC. Aflatoxin B1, sterigmatocystin, citrinin, and zearalenone were also assayed but not detected in grains stored at either IMC. Principal component analysis of the data indicated that ochratoxin A was produced in a damp niche in maize, when abundant metabolic activity and CO2 production by Penicillium glandicola and Aspergillus spp. were common.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00212284
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mycotoxin formation in HY-320 wheat during granary storage at 15 and 19% moisture content (1990)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 111 (1990), S. 181-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: mycotoxin ; ochratoxin ; Penicillium ; storage ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Eleven-kilogram parcels of HY-320 wheat, a cultivar of the new Canada Prairie Spring class, were kept at 15 and 19% initial moisture contents (IMC) in simulated storage in a Manitoba farm granary for 60 weeks to determine biotic and abiotic changes and mycotoxin production. Ochratoxin A reached a maximum of 0.24 ppm by week 20 in the 19% IMC wheat, but was absent in the 15% IMC wheat; no other mycotoxins were detected. Temperature, moisture content, O2 and CO2 levels, fat acidity values, seed germination, microfloral incidence and abundance, and the presence of other mycotoxins were monitored. Principal component analysis of all variables showed that the first principal components accounted for 32–41% of the system variability, and contained the ochratoxin A variable. Ochratoxin A was produced in moist grain that had decreased seed germination andAltermaria activity, and high fungal activity byPenicillium andAspergillus versicolor. Compared to other stored cereals previously studied, HY-320 wheat would be ranked in a low-risk category for mycotoxin formation, based on the ochratoxin A levels observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02282802
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mycotoxin formation in moist wheat under controlled temperatures (1982)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 79 (1982), S. 87-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract One-kilogram parcels of wheat with 20.5% moisture content were maintained at 15° and 22 °C for 10 weeks to study quality changes. Temperature, moisture, oxygen and carbon dioxide levels, microfloral incidence and abundance, seed germination, fat acidity values, aflatoxins, sterigmatocystin, ochratoxin A, penicillic acid, citrinin and zearalenone were monitored. By two weeks, trace levels of ochratoxin had formed at both temperatures. By 10 weeks, the wheat contained at least three times more ochratoxin A at 22 °C than at 15 °C. Strains of Penicillium verrucosum var. cyclopium were associated with ochratoxin A production. No other mycotoxins were detected. The effect of temperature was significant for all variables (greater effect at 22 °C) except A. glaucus gr. and Penicillium (P〈.01). The effect of time was significant for all variables except bacteria (P〈.01). The shape of the response was fully characterized by the linear and quadratic terms, except for % moisture which was linear only, and for bacteria for which time was not significant. The interaction between time and temperature was significant (P〈.01) for total fungal propagule count, % moisture, and Aspergillus versicolor, indicative of the steeper rise in slope for 22 °C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00468084
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A simulated annealing code for general integer linear programs (1999)
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 86 (1999), S. 3-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract This paper explores the use of simulated annealing (SA) for solving arbitrary combinatorialoptimisation problems. It reviews an existing code called GPSIMAN for solving0‐1 problems, and evaluates it against a commercial branch‐and‐bound code, OSL. Theproblems tested include travelling salesman, graph colouring, bin packing, quadratic assignmentand generalised assignment. The paper then describes a technique for representingthese problems using arbitrary integer variables, and shows how a general simulated annealingalgorithm can also be applied. This new code, INTSA, outperforms GPSIMAN andOSL on almost all of the problems tested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018915104438
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Odor volatiles associated with mite-infested bin-stored wheat (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 16 (1990), S. 713-724 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Odor volatiles ; mites ; stored wheat ; Acarus siro ; Aeroglyphus robustus ; Lepidoglyphus destructor ; Acarina ; fungi ; ventilation ; tridecane ; citral
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Tridecane, not previously reported in infested bin-stored grain, was associated with three mite species,Acarus siro (L.),Aeroglyphus robustus Banks, andLepidoglyphus destructor (Schrank), which were introduced into 15.2% moisture content wheat stored in two unheated experimental bins in Manitoba during 1986–1987. The mites and volatiles were sampled at weekly to bimonthly intervals throughout the year. The mites produced tridecane all year, although they overwintered at low numbers. Ventilation of one bin at an airflow rate of 1 liter/sec/m3 did not appear to affect mite survival and volatile production. Citral, an alarm pheromone for mites, was detected in mite-infested bin-stored grain. In laboratory studies all three mite species produced tridecane in wheat incubated at 20 °C and 70% relative humidity for two weeks.Acarus siro andAeroglyphus robustus reared at 25 °C and 90% relative humidity for four weeks on wheat and fungus-inoculated wheat also produced tridecane. Production of tridecane byA. robustus andL. destructor is being reported for the first time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01016482
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NephrotoxigenicPenicillium species occurring on farm-stored cereal grains in western Canada (1995)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 130 (1995), S. 23-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Cereal grains ; Metabolite profiles ; Nephrotoxins ; Occurrence ; Penicillium species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The incidence of nephrotoxigenicPenicillium species on farm-stored cereals in western Canada was determined by morphological and metabolite profile examination. Of the 142 isolates examined 102 were toxin producers with 61P. aurantiogriseum and 27P. freii. Other nephrotoxigenic species includedP. tricolor (6 isolates),P. verrucosum Chemotype II (4 isolates) andP. viridicatum Westling (4 isolates). The nephrotoxigenicPenicillium species profile for western Canada appears to differ from that of Denmark whereP. verrucosum,P. cyclopium,P. freii and, to a lesser extent,P. aurantiogriseum,P. polonicum, andP. viridicatum predominate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01104345
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quality changes in granary-stored wheat at 15 and 19% moisture content (1984)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 87 (1984), S. 115-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Half-bushel parcels of wheat at 15 and 19% moisture content (MC) were implanted in bulks of dry stored oats in a farm granary for 60 weeks to monitor quality changes. Temperature, MC, fat acidity value (FAV), oxygen and carbon dioxide levels, germination, microfloral incidence and abundance, and major storage mycotoxins (aflatoxins, sterigmatocystin, ochratoxin A, citrinin, penicillic acid) were monitored at two-week or four-week intervals during storage. Wheat storage at 19% MC was characterized by higher temperature, MC, FAV, carbon dioxide level, and microfloral abundance, and lower levels of oxygen and germination as compared to 15% MC wheat; no mycotoxins were detected at either moisture. Approximately 19% MC may represent a critical moisture limit for mycotoxin formation in granary stored wheat, given the indigenous mycoflora.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00436639
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mycotoxin formation in moist 2-row and 6-row barley during granary storage (1987)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 97 (1987), S. 179-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Eleven-kilogram parcels of 2-row and 6-row barley initially at 18% moisture content were implanted in dry bulk oats in a farm granary in Manitoba for 60 weeks between August 1983 and October 1984. Temperature, moisture content, O2 and CO2 levels, fat acidity values, seed germination, microfloral incidence and abundance and the presence of major mycotoxins (aflatoxins, sterigmatocystin, ochratoxin A, citrinin, penicillinic acid, patulin) were monitored. Ochratoxin A reached maximum levels of 0.97 ppm by week 24 in the 6-row barley, and 0.05 ppm by week 28 in the 2-row; no other mycotoxins were detected. The effect of cultivar type was significant (P〈0.01) with greater effects in the 6-row barley for the following parameters: fat acidity value, germination, incidence of Alternaria alternata, Penicillium spp. and Helminthosporium sativum, total fungal propagule count and ochratoxin A levels. The effect of time was significant (P〈0.05) for all variables except oxygen, carbon dioxide, Aspergillus versicolor, and total fungal propagule count. The interaction between cultivar and time was significant (P〈0.01) for Alternaria and Helminthosporium only.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00437241
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microflora and condition of flood-damaged grains in Manitoba, Canada (1981)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 73 (1981), S. 143-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Microfloral and other changes which occurred in farm-stored grains at, below and above the maximum water level were documented after the Red River Valley flood of spring 1979 in southern Manitoba, Canada. Results of flood-damage simulation studies carried out in the laboratory on wheat, rapeseed and flax generally confirmed those from the field. In laboratory simulation studies with flooded grains in tanks a 2.5–10.0 cm thick crust of sprouted seeds developed just above the maximum water level. Migration of moisture occurred upwards from the base of the crust and maximum temperatures just beneath the crust. Beneath the crust was a horizon of putrid seeds of zero germination, and above the crust a horizon of visible post-harvest molds, e.g.Aspergillus flavus andPenicillium spp. and harvest molds, e.g.Trichothecium roseum. Penicillium verrucosum var.cyclopium occurred throughout the profile, whereasAlternaria alternata, Wallemia sebi andAspergillus glaucus group species were confined to upper horizons because of low seed moisture andA. flavus and A. versicolor to lower horizons of high moisture. Aflatoxins B1 at 426 ppb and B2 at 34 ppb were the only mycotoxins detected in either study, and occurred in a partially filled granary of flax which had been affected by flood waters. Pressure effects produced by the expanding seeds such as increase in height of grain mass and splitting of seams of granaries were evident in both studies. Rounded or slippery seeds, e.g. peas, flax, were associated usually with vertical pressure effects whereas irregularly-shaped seeds, e.g. wheat with lateral pressure effects. It is hoped that this work will provide a better understanding of the processes involved when grain is damaged by flood waters and assist in the development of improved salvage procedures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00575085
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A debugging and testing tool for supporting software evolution (1996)
    Springer
    Automated software engineering 3 (1996), S. 369-390 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7535
    Keywords: automatic software testing ; debugging ; testing ; evolutionary software
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes a tool for debugging programs which develop faults after they have been modified or are ported to other computer systems. The tool enhances the traditional debugging approach by automating the comparison of data structures between two running programs. Using this technique, it is possible to use early versions of a program which are known to operate correctly to generate values for comparison with the new program under development. The tool allows the reference code and the program being developed to execute on different computer systems by using open distributed systems techniques. A data visualisation facility allows the user to view the differences in data structures. By using the data flow of the code, it is possible to locate faulty sections of code rapidly. An evaluation is performed by using three case studies to illustrate the power of the technique.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00132573
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