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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia (syndrome X): relation to reduced fetal growth (1993)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 36 (1993), S. 62-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus ; hypertension ; hyperlipidaemia ; syndrome X ; reduced fetal growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two follow-up studies were carried out to determine whether lower birthweight is related to the occurrence of syndrome X — Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia. The first study included 407 men born in Hertfordshire, England between 1920 and 1930 whose weights at birth and at 1 year of age had been recorded by health visitors. The second study included 266 men and women born in Preston, UK, between 1935 and 1943 whose size at birth had been measured in detail. The prevalence of syndrome X fell progressively in both men and women, from those who had the lowest to those who had the highest birthweights. Of 64-year-old men whose birthweights were 2.95 kg (6.5 pounds) or less, 22% had syndrome X. Their risk of developing syndrome X was more than 10 times greater than that of men whose birthweights were more than 4.31 kg (9.5 pounds). The association between syndrome X and low birthweight was independent of duration of gestation and of possible confounding variables including cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and social class currently or at birth. In addition to low birthweight, subjects with syndrome X had small head circumference and low ponderal index at birth, and low weight and below-average dental eruption at 1 year of age. It is concluded that Type 2 diabetes and hypertension have a common origin in sub-optimal development in utero, and that syndrome X should perhaps be re-named “the small-baby syndrome”.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00399095
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fetal growth and impaired glucose tolerance in men and women (1993)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 36 (1993), S. 225-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Impaired glucose tolerance ; non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus ; fetal growth ; ponderal index at birth ; placental weight to birthweight ratio
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A follow-up study was carried out to determine whether reduced fetal growth is associated with the development of impaired glucose tolerance in men and women aged 50 years. Standard oral glucose tolerance tests were carried out on 140 men and 126 women born in Preston (Lancashire, UK) between 1935 and 1943, whose size at birth had been measured in detail. Those subjects found to have impaired glucose tolerance or non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus had lower birthweight, a smaller head circumference and were thinner at birth. They also had a higher ratio of placental weight to birthweight. The prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes fell from 27% in subjects who weighed 2.50 kg (5.5 pounds) or less at birth to 6% in those who weighed more than 3.41 kg (7.5 pounds) (p 〈 0.002 after adjusting for body mass index). Plasma glucose concentrations taken at 2-h in the glucose tolerance test fell progressively as birthweight increased (p 〈 0.004), as did 2-h plasma insulin concentrations (p 〈 0.001). The trends with birthweight were independent of duration of gestation and must therefore be related to reduced rates of fetal growth. These findings confirm the association between impaired glucose tolerance in adult life and low birthweight previously reported in Hertfordshire (UK), and demonstrate it in women as well as men. It is suggested that the association reflects the long-term effects of reduced growth of the endocrine pancreas and other tissues in utero. This may be a consequence of maternal undernutrition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00399954
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The relation of fetal growth to plasma glucose in young men (1992)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 35 (1992), S. 444-446 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Plasma glucose ; birthweight ; intrauterine growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a study of men aged 59 to 70 years plasma glucose levels 30 min and 2 h after a 75-g glucose load were inversely related to birthweight. To determine whether there are similar relations at a younger age the 30-min plasma glucose levels of 40 men aged 21 years, who were born in one hospital in the United Kingdom, were measured. Lower birthweight was associated with higher 30-min plasma glucose levels. This trend was independent of gestational age, and current body mass, height and social class.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02342441
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunoradiometric assay of insulin, intact proinsulin and 32–33 split proinsulin and radioimmunoassay of insulin in diet-treated Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic subjects (1992)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 35 (1992), S. 469-474 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Proinsulin ; split proinsulin ; immunoradiometric assay ; Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus ; impaired Beta-cell function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Plasma insulin, intact proinsulin and 32–33 split proinsulin measured by specific immunoradiometric assays and insulin and C-peptide measured by radioimmunoassay were measured during a constant infusion of glucose test in ten diet-treated subjects with a history of Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes (termed diabetic subjects), mean fasting plasma glucose 6.0 ± 1.0 mmol/l (mean ± SD), and 12 non-diabetic control subjects. Immunoreactive insulin concentrations measured by radioimmunoassay were 33 higher than insulin and 16 % higher than the sum of insulin and its precursors by immunoradiometric assay. The diabetic and non-diabetic subjects had similar fasting concentrations of insulin, intact proinsulin and 32–33 split proinsulin. The ratio of fasting intact proinsulin to total insulin was greater in the diabetic than the non-diabetic group 12.0 % (6.8–21.0 %, 1 SD range) and 6.3 % (4.0–9.8 %), respectively,p 〈 0.01), though the groups overlapped substantially. After glucose infusion, diabetic and non-diabetic subjects had similar intact proinsulin concentrations (geometric mean 4.9 and 5.2 pmol/l, respectively), but the diabetic group had impaired insulin secretion by immunoradiometric assay (geometric means 55 and 101 pmol/1,p 〈 0.05) or by radioimmunoassay C-peptide (geometric means 935 and 1410 pmol/1,p 〈 0.05), though not by radioimmunoassay insulin (87 and 144 pmol/1,p = 0.12), respectively. Individual immunoradiometric assay insulin responses to glucose expressed in terms of obesity were subnormal in nine of ten diabetic subjects. Radioimmunoassay insulin and C-peptide gave less complete discrimination ( subnormal responses in six of ten and eight of ten, respectively). Thus, raised proinsulin and proinsulin:total insulin ratio are not necessarily a feature of mild diet-treated Type 2 diabetic patients with subnormal insulin responses to glucose.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02342446
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Programming of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis and the fetal origins of adult disease hypothesis (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 157 (1997), S. S7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Fetal growth ; Blood pressure ; Glucose tolerance ; Programming ; HPA axis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract There is now a large body of evidence to support the hypothesis that events in fetal life permanently alter the structure or function of an individual, programming later adult disease. Reduced birth weight is associated with higher blood pressure in childhood and adult life, and thinness at birth with glucose intolerance and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Programming of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is an attractive hypothesis linking fetal experience and later disease, as an excess of glucocorticoids may be associated with hypertension and glucose intolerance. Moreover, animal data support this hypothesis. Exposing fetal rats to glucocorticoid reduces birth weight and leads to raised blood pressure, as well as to alterations in the HPA axis. Data on the long-term effects of exposure to glucocorticoids in human subjects are limited. Recently, however, reduced size at birth was found to be associated with higher fasting 9 a.m. plasma cortisol concentrations in adults. Raised plasma cortisol concentrations were, in turn, associated with higher blood pressure, and inversely related to measures of glucose tolerance. Conclusion Programming of the HPA axis by events in fetal life may be one of the mechanisms linking reduced size at birth with raised blood pressure and glucose intolerance in later life. Studies of the effects of antenatal and neonatal dexamethasone administration on later blood pressure and glucose tolerance may be warranted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00014289
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of general transport theories to model system (1973)
    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 7 (1973), S. 361-371 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Transport ; master equation ; small polarons ; macrostate ; small-parameter expansion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We consider a simple model, the two-site small-polaron system, and show that its properties can be characterized by a master equation which is in accordance with recent quantum statistical theories of macroscopic observables. It is shown by a combination of formal and numerical analyses that the model is an example of a system describable by the lowest-order term in the expansion of the kernel of the master equation in powers of the ratio of the average polaron-phonon interaction energy to the microscopic phonon energy. We discuss the relevance of the method to actual physical systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01014910
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