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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. 241-248 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary An attempt is made to extend the model of Leibler for the emulsifying activity and interfacial properties of A-b-B diblock copolymers in incompatible blends of the homopolymers A and B-which are identical with the respective copolymer components- to enthalpically interacting C-b-D diblock copolymers, the block C being thermodynamically compatible with A and D with B. Due to the attractive enthalpic interaction the A/C-b-D/B compatibilized blends are promising for optimum phase adhesion (bold types for thermodynamically compatible partners). Thus, the extended model for a plane interfacial layer includes the enthalpic interaction of the compatible polymer pairs beside the entropic effects. The approach starts with the equillibrium supposition, not taking into consideration enthalpy driven migration effects of the block copolymer from the bulk to the interface, The model confirms a dominant role of the enthalpic interaction between blocks of the diblock copolymer and the respective homopolymers to the compatibilization of incompatible blend components. It is applicable also for blends compatibilized with block copolymers of unfavourable repulsive type interaction, A/C-b-D/B, and for blend systems with mixed type interactions, e. g. A/C-b-B/B or A/C-b-D/B.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of computer-aided materials design 3 (1996), S. 341-350 
    ISSN: 1573-4900
    Keywords: Poly(lactide) ; Alternating propylene-CO-copolymer ; Stereocomplex ; Powder diffraction ; Force-field simulation ; Poly(ethyleneglycol) ; AB block copolymers ; Atomic force microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Summary Both (−)- and (+)-poly(lactide) (PLA) crystallize into a stereocomplex with a melting point that is 50 °C higher than that of crystals of the same-handed enantiomers. According to Boyer et al. [Polym. Prepr., 36 (1995) 87] and Jiang et al. [J. Am. Chem. Soc., 117 (1995) 7037], alternating isotactic propylene-CO-copolymers (P(P-alt-CO)) also form a stereocomplex with a higher melting point (60 °C). Force-Field-simulated structures for both polymer systems were found to agree well with X-ray data, irrespective of whether they had a chiral or racemic packing. The almost similar results for both stereocomplexes indicate that they might form a mixed stereocomplex of (−)-PLA and (+)-P(P-alt-CO). In acetonitrile, both enantiomers of an AB block copolymer derivative, poly(lactide)-poly(ethyleneglycol) (PLA-PEG); were found to crystallize exclusively into a racemic lattice. The influence of racemic packing on self-assembly of the two-block copolymer was analyzed by atomic-force microscopy. An equimolar mixture of (−)- and (+)-PLA-PEG formed spherical particles through stereocomplexation, in contrast to chiral block copolymers that formed large crystal needles and long rods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Untersuchung von Äthylen-Propylen-Copolymeren, Propylen-Äthylen-Copolymeren ; Chromatographie, Gas/Chromatographie, Gel ; Pyrolyse
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Äthylen-Propylen-Copolymere wurden hinsichtlich Sequenzverteilung des Äthylens durch Pyrolyse gekoppelt mit Gas-Chromatographie analysiert. Die untersuchten Copolymeren waren mit löslichen Ziegler-Natta-Katalysatoren hergestellt und von verschiedenem Kristallisationsgrad. Bei einer Serie waren die Methylgruppen der Propyleneinheiten radioaktiv markiert. Es war somit möglich, mit dem Flammenionisationsdetektor (FID) und gleichzeitig mit dem parallelgeschalteten Strahlungsdetektor diese Methylgruppen nachzuweisen. Die Auswertung der n-Alkane und der Methylalkane in beiden Detektoren ergab Übereinstimmung mit der Kinetik. Die Methode eignet sich gut für lange Sequenzen. Gel-chromatographische Fraktionierung der Copolymeren ergab eine Heterogenität in der chemischen Zusammensetzung. Die eine Komponente ist hochmolekular, während die andere ein Molekulargewicht von weniger als 1000 besitzt und fast kein Propylen enthält. Es wird diskutiert, wie sich chemische Uneinheitlichkeit bei der Kinetik und bei der Pyrolyse auf die Ermittlung der Sequenzverteilung auswirkt. Ein Mechanismus, bei dem von verschiedenen Zentren Ketten mit verschiedener chemischer Zusammensetzung erzeugt werden, wird als Modell angenommen. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die Uneinheitlichkeit sich nicht kritisch auf die Bestimmung der Sequenzverteilung auswirkt.
    Notes: Abstract Pyrolysis coupled with gas chromatography has been applied to investigate the sequence distribution in copolymers of ethylene and propylene. The copolymers analyzed have been prepared with soluble Ziegler-Natta-catalysts and show different degrees of crystallinity. In one series of samples the methyl group of the propylene units has been labeled with tritium. It was then possible to detect carbons by flame ionization detector and simultaneously the methyl groups by the radio-detector in parallel. Within the errors of these methods the results from both detectors are consistent with the calculations from kinetics. The accuracy of the data is best in copolymers with long ethylene sequences. By GPC fractionation a heterogeneity in the chemical composition can be observed. One component of the copolymers is of high molecular weight, while the other has a molecular weight of less than 1000 and is very rich in ethylene. The influence of chemical heterogeneity on sequence distribution derived from kinetics and pyrolysis has been discussed. A mechanism in which chains with different chemical composition are growing from different species of the catalyst has been proposed. The experimental results show that the heterogeneity is not critical for the sequence analysis by kinetics and pyrolysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 161-165 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The kinetics of the radiation induced cis- trans- isomerization of cis- 1,4- polybutadiene gel swollen in toluene were studied by using diphenyl disulfide as sensitizer. The reaction follows first order kinetics. The values of the pseudo first- order rate constant of the isomerization vary with the crosslink density of the network. After correction for the degree of swelling, however, the isomerization reaction turns out to be independent of the crosslink density and proceeds with the same efficiency as in solution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 1 (1978), S. 211-214 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary An unequivocal correlation between the first coefficient of the Mooney-Rivlin equation and the degree of swelling is concluded from stress- strain measurements of cis- trans isomerized polybutadiene networks of varying cis- contents and from corresponding swelling measurements. The second coefficient turns out to be approximately constant, which means that the polymer network is not affected critically by the irradiation although the crosslink density diminishes. The temperature dependence of the unperturbed dimensions of the network was determined to be positive in the higher cis- region and to be negative at higher trans contents. A linear correlation was found with the amount of trans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A novel approach is proposed to derive the temperature dependent unperturbed dimensions of macromolecules as well as the influence of solvent action on these dimensions: The populations of conformers are analyzed by NMR using low molecular weight analogs in the respective milieu. The microconformers are summed up to yield the macro-conformation, applying Monte-Carlo calculation. Because long distance interactions are nonexisting in the conformational balance of those models, the macrodimensions derived in this way are the unperturbed ones, with and without specific solvent influence, depending on the choosen solvent and temperature. Studies have been carried out using ditactic unpolar head-to-head poly(propylene)s as well as polar head-to-head poly(vinylchloride)s and chlorinated poly(octenamer)s, respectively. Comparison with viscosity and light scattering data prove that for head-to-head poly(vinylchloride)s the dependence of the solvent modified unperturbed dimensions on configuration has identical tendency for calculated and measured data. As an unique consequence of the solvent action it has been derived from the NMR studies on the low molecular weight models for erythrodiisotactic poly(vinylchloride) that the short range interaction of polar solvents decreases the solvent modified unperturbed macrodimensions when compared with those in a virtually non-interacting milieu. Separation of short from long range influences on the expansion factor appears to be realizable by the discussed approach. Solvent modified unperturbed dimensions are discussed in connection with dimensions of macromolecules in the θ-state, in semidilute and in plasticized systems and in compatible polymer blends.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 14 (1985), S. 17-24 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Dynamic mechanical measurements on polystyrene — poly(vinylmethylether) blends are demonstrating that the relaxation processes in the blends are mainly connected with the motions of the poly(vinylmethylether) chain. Concerning the effect of mixing on topological properties of the blends, an increase of the polydispersity of the relaxation processes is detected in blends with high molecular weight polystyrene while low molecular weight polystyrene exerts an effect of dilution upon the relaxation of the high molecular poly(vinylmethylether) chains. From these measurements as well as from thermoanalytical data it results that the energetic interaction is more pronounced in the blends with oligomeric than with high molecular weight polystyrene. The glass transition temperature shows a larger deviation from additivity for blends with high molecular polystyrene than for those with oligomeric polystyrene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Starting with the concept of temperature dependent apparent activation energy of flow as a specific temperature function of the considered polymer system a general appraoch is presented, which includes both the Arrhenius and the WLF behaviour. It is demonstrated how local flow can be characterized directly from mechanical measurements via temperature dependent apparent activation energy of flow, using two parameters only, the apparent activation energy of flow extrapolated to infinite temperature, and the Vogel temperature as obtained by extrapolation to infinite activation energy. Examples are given in order to confirm the usefullness of these parameters for molecular interpretation of changes in the local flow mechanism as well as for clarification of the dependences between the polymer structure and the local flow process. As an unique effect it has been found that the energetic interaction of oligomeric polystyrene with poly(vinylmethylether) is much more pronounced than that with high molecular weight polystyrene. This findings may exhibit technical relevance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 14 (1985), S. 479-485 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The limitations of the WLF-relation are discussed with respect to their inherent demands concerning universality. The problem of the reference temperature is discussed in some detail, and their constants are related to the temperature T∞ where the apparent activation energy of flow gets infinite, as well to the characteristic activation energy of viscous flow at infinitely high temperature, E∞. It is concluded that the use of experimentally derived temperature dependent apparent activation energy of flow, E(T), from the slopes of crossing isochrone and isotherm viscoelastic curves substitutes the WLF-relation favourably. Thus, the problematic choice of a reference temperature is avoided. The two kinetically specific constants, E∞ and T∞, may be admitted to characterize the energetic and entropic contribution, respectively, to the viscous flow. Experimental data are presented for some polymers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 15 (1986), S. 449-453 
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Polymer blends of theoretical and practical interest frequently are comprised of copolymers, which contain sequences differing with respect to chemistry and / or to configuration. An approach is proposed, which may take into account the effect of configurational sequence distributions on the miscibility of blends. Blends of monotactic homopolymers with components of both identical and differing chemistry are treated first. Directional-specific intermolecular as well as repulsive intramolecular interactions are taken into account on a triad basis. The treatment will be expanded to blends with copolymer components, in which chemical and configurational sequences overlap.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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