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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: busulphan ; leukaemia ; high-dose pharmacokinetics ; metabolism ; bone marrow transplantation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of high-dose busulphan was studied in adult patients with acute myeloblastic leukaemia after oral doses of 1 mg·kg−1 every 6 h for 4 days. The mean steady-state plasma concentration was 1080 ng/ml−1 during the treatment. Individual steady-state concentrations after the last dose on average were 32% lower than those predicted from total AUC measurements following the first dose. Mean elimination half-life in plasma was 2.3 h after the last dose and 3.4 h after the first dose which suggests that busulfan may increase its own metabolic rate on repeated treatment. The cerebrospinal fluid/plasma concentration ratio of busulphan was 1.3. Busulphan showed insignificant protein binding in plasma (7.4%). About 2% of the dose was excreted unchanged in the urine. For the first time sulpholane, 3-hydroxysulpholane and tetrahydrothiophene 1-oxide were identified as urinary metabolites of busulphan in man.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 32 (1987), S. 403-409 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: flucloxacillin ; newborn infants ; bioavailability ; plasma protein binding ; side-effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Flucloxacillin 50 mg/kg b.w. was administered intravenously (in combination with ampicillin/gentamicin) and orally (with amoxicillin) to 9 newborn infants (gestational age 33–41 weeks) to treat bacterial infections. The concentrations of flucloxaxillin in plasma and urine after i.v. injection were analysed according to an open two-compartment model, and the plasma protein binding of flucloxacillin and its distribution to blood cells and plasma water in whole blood were determined. Considerable differences were found from values reported in adults. The terminal half-life averaged 4 h 38 min and was significantly correlated with gestational age. Plasma clearance was low (0.744 ml·min−1·kg−1), due to the small renal clearance (0.182 ml·min−1·kg−1), whilst non-renal clearance (0.563 ml·min−1·kg−1) was approximately the same as in adults. The mean apparent volume of distribution of total drug (Vz) was 0.280 l/kg. The corresponding volume of distribution of unbound drug (V 1 u + V 2 u ) was 1.74 l/kg, which indicates considerable extravascular drug binding. The plasma protein binding of flucloxacillin (mean 86.3%) was significantly correlated with gestational age and the bilirubin/albumin concentration ratio. Bioavailability after oral administration, when corrected for changes in terminal half-life, was 47.7%, which is only slightly lower than that reported in adults. Since the plasma concentrations after both i.v. and oral administration were well above the MIC-values generally reported for Staphylococcus aureus, and since few side-effects were observed, intravenous injection or, in selected cases, oral administration of flucloxacillin appears to be a reliable therapy for the treatment of infections due to sensitive strains of S. aureus in premature newborn infants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 3 (1971), S. 189-193 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Protein binding ; foetus ; infant ; newborn ; antibiotics ; anticonvulsants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The binding to human plasma proteins of ampicillin, α-azidobenzylpenicillin, benzylpenicillin, phenobarbital and diphenylhydantoin was studied by equilibrium dialysis of labelled compounds. Human foetal and neonatal plasma had very low binding capacities for all five drugs as compared with plasma from adults. Hyperbilirubinemia in the neonatal period further decreased the binding capacity. The age dependence of drug binding activity should be taken into account when analysing pharmacological effects in foetuses and newborn children.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Anticonvulsants ; Phenytoin ; Biologic availability ; Absorption ; Biopharmaceutics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Blutspiegelkurven von zwei Phenytoinpräparaten (ein konventionelles Phenytoinsäurepräparat und ein mikrokristallinisches Phenytoinsäurepräparat) wurden nach Einfachadministration und während Gleichgewichtstherapie in vier gesunden männlichen Versuchspersonen bestimmt. Die relative biologische Verfügbarkeit für die konventionelle Tablette im Vergleich zu der mikrokristallinischen Tablette war im Bereich von 48% zu 95% während Gleichgewichtsadministration. Das mikrokristallinische Präparat wurde, wie erwartet, schneller absorbiert. Während Gleichgewichtes war aber diese Absorptionsgeschwindigkeit mit bedeutenden Schwingungen in der Plasmakonzentration während des Dosierungsintervalles verbunden. Die maximale Plasmakonzentration war etwa 50% höher als der Wert am Anfang des Dosierungsintervalles (12 h), wenn das mikrokristallinische Produkt administriert wurde. Der entsprechende Wert war nur etwa 25% für die konventionelle Tablette. Da aufwärtsgerichtete Schwingungen in Plasmakonzentration mit Nebenwirkungen assoziiert werden können, ist die mehr ebene Blutspiegelkurve des konventionellen Produktes klinisch vorteilhafter. Eine verbesserte Geschwindigkeit (rate of bioavailability) ist keine klinische Verbesserung, wenn sie mit größeren Schwingungen in Plasmakonzentration während des Dosierungsintervalles verbunden ist.
    Notes: Summary Plasma concentrations of two phenytoin products (a conventional phenytoin acid preparation and a microcrystalline form of phenytoin acid) were studied after single dose administration and during steady-state conditions in four healthy male volunteers. Relative bioavailability for the conventional tablet in comparison with the microcrystalline was in the range of 48–80% during single dose administration and in the range 54–95% at steady-state. The microcrystalline preparation gave, as expected, a higher rate of absorption. During steady-state conditions, however, this higher rate of absorption was associated with considerable fluctuations in plasma concentration during the dosage interval. The mean maximum plasma concentration was about 50% higher than the value at the beginning of the dose interval (2-dose concentration value) when the microcrystalline product was administered. The corresponding figure was only about 25% for the conventional tablet. Since upward fluctuations in plasma concentrations may be associated with side effects, the more even level obtained with the conventional product may be an advantage from the clinical point of view. An increased rate of bioavailability is not a clinical improvement if it occurs at the expense of greater fluctuations in plasma concentration during the dose interval.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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