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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bombesin-like immunoreactivity in the nervous system of hydra (1981)
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 73 (1981), S. 171-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary With immunocytochemical methods, nerve cells have been detected in Hydra attenuata containing bombesin-like immunoreactivity. These nerve cells are located in the ectoderm of all body regions of the animal and are especially abundant in basal disk and tentacles. Radioimmunoassay of extracts of hydra demonstrated at least 0.2 pmol/g wet weight of bombesinlike immunoreactivity. The immunoreactive material elutes from Sephadex G-50 in a similar position to synthetic bombesin. The data show that bombesin-like peptides are among the phylogenetically oldest neuropeptides found so far.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00493017
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Organization of the nervous system of physonectid siphonophores (1986)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 246 (1986), S. 463-479 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: RFamide ; Neuropeptide ; Nervous system ; Siphonophores ; Coelenterates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An antiserum to the sequence Arg-Phe-amide (RFamide) was used to stain the nervous systems of various physonectid siphonophores. In the stem of Nanomia bijuga, this antiserum stained an ectodermal nerve net, which was interrupted, at regular intervals, by transverse collars of neurons. Injection of Lucifer yellow into the “giant axon” of the stem showed that this axon was dye-coupled to an ectodermal nerve net that resembled the RFamide-positive network. Ectodermal nets of neurons were also found in the pneumatophore, gastrozooids, tentacles and tentilla. At the junctions of the pneumatophore, the gastrozooids, the dactylozooids and the gonozooids with the stem, and at the junctions of tentacles and tentilla, collars or rings of neurons occurred. The stem was connected to the phyllozooids and nectophores by muscular lamellae, which were bordered by chains of neurons. At the margin of the nectophores, an immunoreactive nerve ring was found. Connected to this ring and located in the“seitliche Zapfen” (“sidely-located patche”), were two agglomerations of nerve cells. On the upper side of the bell margin, positioned at 90° relative to the “seitliche Zapfen”, a delta-shaped neuronal structure was found. This structure was connected to the nerve ring and was associated with a muscle, which ran a short distance along the exumbrellar surface. The nervous systems of Agalma elegans, Forskalia edwardsi, Forskalia leuckarti and Halistemma rubrum resembled that of Nanomia bijuga in all major respects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00215186
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FMRF -amide-like immunoreactivity in brain and pituitary of the hagfish Eptatretus burgeri (Cyclostomata) (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 363-366 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hagfish ; Brain ; Pituitary ; FMRF-amide ; Immunocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Paraffin sections of brain and pituitary of the hagfish Eptatretus burgeri were immunostained with an antiserum to FMRF-amide. Immunoreactivity was visible in a large number of neurons in the posterior part of the ventromedial hypothalamus and in long neuronal processes extending cranially from the hypothalamus to the olfactory system and caudally to the medulla oblongata. FMRF-amide-like immunoreactivity was also found in cells of the adenohypophysis. These observations suggest that the hagfish possesses a brain FMRF-amide-like transmitter system and pituitary cells containing FMRF-amide-like material. Antisera to ACTH, α-MSH and pancreatic polypeptide gave no immunoreaction in hagfish brain or pituitary.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00217158
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mapping of neurons in the central nervous system of the guinea pig by use of antisera specific to the molluscan neuropeptide FMRFamide (1984)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 237 (1984), S. 575-586 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: FMRFamide ; Pancreatic polypeptide ; Hypothalamus ; Neuropeptide immunocytochemistry ; Brain mapping ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunoreactive neurons were mapped in the central nervous system of colchicine-treated and untreated guinea pigs with the use of two antisera to the molluscan neuropeptide FMRFamide 1. These antisera were especially selected for their incapability to react with peptides of the pancreatic polypeptide family. Only one group of perikarya was stained by both antisera; this group was mainly located in the nucleus dorsomedialis hypothalami and extended to the nucleus paraventricularis and nucleus periventricularis hypothalami. The perikarya were found to project fibers to all regions of the hypothalamus, to the septum, nucleus proprius striae terminalis, nucleus paraventricularis thalami, nucleus centralis thalami, nucleus reuniens, medial, central and basal amygdala, area praetectalis, area tegmentalis ventralis of Tsai, substantia grisea centralis mesencephali, formatio reticularis mesencephali, nucleus centralis superior, locus coeruleus, nuclei parabrachiales, nucleus raphe magnus, A 5-region, vagus-solitarius complex, ventral medulla, nucleus spinalis nervi trigemini, and substantia gelatinosa of the spinal cord. In many brain regions FMRFamide-immunoreactive processes were found in close contact with blood vessels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00228442
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antisera to the sequence Arg-Phe-amide visualize neuronal centralization in hydroid polyps (1985)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 241 (1985), S. 171-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: RFamide ; Neuropeptides ; Nervous system ; Reproduction ; Hydrozoa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Antisera to the sequence Arg-Phe-amide (RF-amide) have a high affinity to the nervous system of fixed hydroid polyps. Whole-mount incubations of several Hydra species with RFamide antisera visualize the three-dimensional structure of an ectodermal nervous system in the hypostome, tentacles, gastric region and peduncle. In the hypostome of Hydra attenuata a ganglion-like structure occurs, consisting of numerous sensory cells located in a region around the mouth opening and a dense plexus of processes which project mostly radially towards the bases of the tentacles. In Hydra oligactis an ectodermal nerve ring was observed lying at the border of hypostome and tentacle bases. This nerve ring consists of a few large ganglion cells with thick processes forming a circle around the hypostome. This is the first direct demonstration of a nerve ring in a hydroid polyp. Incubation of Hydractinia echinata gastrozooids with RFamide antisera visualizes an extremly dense plexus of neuronal processes in body and head regions. A ring of sensory cells around the mouth opening is the first group of neurons to show RFamide immunoreactivity during the development of a primary polyp. In gonozooids the oocytes and spermatophores are covered with strongly immunoreactive neurons. All examples of whole-mount incubations with RF-amide antisera clearly show that hydroid polyps have by no means a “diffuse nerve net”, as is often believed, and that neuronal centralization and plexus formation are common in these animals. The examples also show that treatment of intact fixed animals with RFamide antisera is a useful technique to study the anatomy or development of a principal portion of the hydroid nervous system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00214639
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neuropeptides in coelenterates: a review (1991)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 216-217 (1991), S. 555-563 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Neuropeptides ; neurones ; coelenterates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Coelenterate neurones produce peptides containing an Arg-Phe-NH2(RF-amide)-like carboxyterminus. RF-amide-like peptides are located in neuronal dense-cored vesicles, indicating that they are released by exocytosis and that they might function as neurotransmitters or neurohormones. Using a radioimmunoassay for the sequence RF-amide, 3 peptides were isolated from the sea anemone Anthopleura elegantissima: 〈 Glu-Gly-Arg-Phe-NH2(Antho-RF-amide), 〈Glu-Ser-Leu-Arg-Trp-NH2(Antho-RWamide I) and 〈Glu-Gly-Leu-Arg-Trp-NH2(Antho-RW-amide II). The general structure of these peptides can be described as 〈Glu...Arg-X-NH2, where X is an aromatic amino acid. From the hydromedusa Polyorchis penicillatus, the peptide 〈Glu-Leu-Leu-Gly-Gly-Arg-Phe-NH2(Pol-RF-amide I) was isolated, which also belongs to the 〈Glu...Arg-X-NH2 family. Using specific antisera, it was shown that all 4 peptides were located in neurones, many of which were associated with smooth muscle fibres. Application of low doses of Antho-RF-amide or of Antho-RW-amide I and II induced contractions of endodermal muscles of sea anemones. This suggests that these peptides are transmitters or modulators at neuromuscular junctions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00026513
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Intercellular junctions in nerve-free hydra (1980)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 209 (1980), S. 217-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cell junctions ; Epithelial cell ; Nerve-free hydra
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Epithelial cells of nerve-free hydra contain septate and gap junctions. In thin sections the gap junctions are characterized by a gap of 3–4 nm. Freeze-fracture demonstrates the presence of septate junctions and two further types of structures: (i) the “E-type” or “inverted” gap junctions with particles in an “en plaque” conformation appearing as a raised plateau on the E-face or as a depression on the P-face; (ii) structures morphologically similar to gap junctions in rat liver, containing particles on the P-face and corresponding pits on the E-face, both having hexagonal packing with a lattice constant of 8 nm. We propose that these structures are also gap junctions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237627
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