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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The subarachnoid angle: An area of transition in peripheral nerveSupported by HE 09041, United States Public Health Service. (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 164 (1969), S. 15-33 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The lateral limit of the subarachnoid space, where nerve roots enter and leave, forms the subarachnoid angle. This is an important site of transition for nerve sheaths. Here the perineurium of peripheral nerve leaves the surface of the nerve and extends between the dura mater and the arachnoid. The perineurium is therefore open-ended with respect to the subarachnoid space. The central perineurial extension is histologically the same as perineurium in some areas but in others forms a layer of hydrated cells without basement membranes. These lie in close apposition with the outermost cells of the arachnoid membrane. At the subarachnoid angle the arachnoid membrane may either reflect onto the root sheath or be attached to it by punctate junctions. The root sheath covers the nerve roots as they pass through the subarachnoid space. It is composed of loosely arranged cells bound by punctate junctions. Its intercellular spaces may contain connective tissue fibrils. A single basement membrane separates it from the endoneurium. The histological structure in the region of the subarachnoid angle is consistent with clinical evidence implicating the endoneurium of nerve trunks as a pathway for the transmission of infection from the periphery to the central nervous system.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091640102
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The fine structure of a lateral recess of the subarachnoid space in the ratThe project was supported by Public Health Service Training grant 5TI-GM-1014, from the National Institutes of General Medical Sciences. The terminal phases of the work were aided by grant NS 09363, United States Public Health Service. (1971)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 171 (1971), S. 1-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: This study reports an electron microscopic investigation to the spinal meninges of the rat as they exist between the dorsal and ventral nerve roots in upper thoracic and cervical levels of the vertebral column. Between these roots, at a point where they penetrate the spinal dura, the leptomeninges are characterized by a histological pattern comparable to that elsewhere comprising the subarachnoid angle. However, this region is modified and possesses a number of heretofore unknown histological features. The most noteworthy is a lateral recess of the subarachnoid space.The meninges located between the nerve roots do not form a definite lateral boundary for the subarachnoid space. Here the subarachnoid space opens into a lateral recess which extends peripherally between the dorsal and ventral nerve roots. Conspicuous amounts of cellular debris are collected within the lateral recess. Numerous free macrophages congregate here. The lateral recess may be a communicating pathway between the central and peripheral nervous systems by way of the endoneurium of the nerve trunk.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091710102
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Scanning electron microscopy of developing primary endoderm during first 6 hours of incubation in the chick (1993)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 235 (1993), S. 151-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Scanning electron microscopy ; Chick embryo ; Endoderm ; Developmental biology ; Intercellular junctions ; Methods ; Microscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Development of primary endoderm in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus) is described in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) supplemented by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Although complicated by great variability, the ventral surface of the blastoderm reveals this process during the first 6 hours of incubation. Primary endoderm arises (1) from the hypoblast, (2) from the margin of the area pellucida, and (3) from intervening protions of the area pellucida. The early hypoblast becomes several cells thick while individual cells are still spherical. TEM reveals a variety of immature cell junctions. During subsequent flattening of these cells into primary endodermal epithelium, numerous filopodia arise from their surfaces. These are 0.20-0.25 μm in diameter. They become long and branched, attaching to each other and to other cell bodies. Similar filopodial processes are present less conspicuously among cells in the margin of the area pellucida. Here, there is pseudopodial evidence that cells or cell sheets creep along the ventral surface of the epiblast. The filopodia disappear as cell flattening proceeds. The ventral surface of the exposed epiblast delaminates cells that become free after their exploratory filopodia and lamellipodia are put forth. Lateral contacts among cell bodies from the above three sources increase until a continuous epithelium is formed. The primary endoderm of the embryo, a simple squamous epithelium that separates the connective tissue space above from the gastrocoele below, is generated by these developmental events. © Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1092350116
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Blood vessels and tissue space associated with the brain of the ratSupported by grant HE-09041, United States Public Health Service. (1969)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 125 (1969), S. 123-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Tissues from adult Sprague-Dawley rats fixed by perfusion with buffered aldehydes for a combined study of the vascular system of the brain are described in light and electron microscopy. In these preparations lack of shrinkage prevents the formation of perineuronal and perivascular spaces. However, connective tissue stains indicate restricted tissue space along the course of small arteries and veins. In fine structure this space is found within the walls of the vessels. It consists of a tubular extension of tissue space bounded inwardly by the endothelial boundary (basement) membrane and outwardly by the neural boundary membrane. Between these boundaries the formed elements of the media and the adventitia are found. The media consists of a thin layer of smooth muscle cells; each cells being enclosed in its own boundary membrane. The adventitia consists of cells and fibrous elements of the connective tissues which are derived, near the surface of the brain, from the intermingling of pial and vascular leptomeninges. This “neural” portion of the tissue space extends from the depths of the capillary bed (where it is obliterated by the fusion of boundary membranes), along the course of the blood vessels, through the subarachnoid space and into the general tissue space of the body.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001250202
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The fine structure of the peripheral nerve root sheath in the subarachnoid space in the rat and other laboratory animalsThis project was supported by Public Health Service Training grant 5TI-GM-1014, from the National Institutes of General Medical Sciences. The terminal phases of the work were aided by grant NS 09363, United States Public Health Service. (1971)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 131 (1971), S. 1-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Spinal nerve roots from several laboratory animals (rat, mouse, dog, chinchilla) were fixed by perfusion with buffered aldehydes and prepared for electron microscopy. The fine structure of the root sheath possesses a common histologic organization wherever found. Its cellular and fibrous coverings are arranged in several lamellae which can be divided into two basic layers. The cytology of the outer layers resembles the characteristics of cells which line the subarachnoid space elsewhere (pia, arachnoid, arachnoid trabeculae, blood vessel adventitia). These cells adjacent to the subarachnoid space are arranged loosely and are in close association with extracellular connective tissues. The junctions between them appear to be intermittent, which would allow communication between the subarachnoid space and the intercellular spaces. The inner layers (adjacent to the endoneurium) are regularly arranged and are close to each other. Facing the endoneurium a boundary (basement) membrane is almost invariably associated with the basal cell layer. The inner cell layers are more nearly comparable to perineurium but, because of structural variations, are not readily classified. However, in its totality, the root sheath does not correspond histologically to pia, arachnoid or perineurium as they are found in their usual locations.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001310102
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The fine structure of developing cartilage in the chick embryoAided by Public Health Service Training grant 5TI-GM-1014, from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences. (1971)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 131 (1971), S. 197-215 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The fine structure of developing cartilage is described in the area of the future vertebral bodies in the cervical region of chick embryos. Incubation ages range from 36 hours, when the sclerotome of the somite begins to break up, to the thirteenth day. In the 36- to 72-hour interval cells of the sclerotome become free and assume stellate form. Polyribosomes nearly fill the largely undifferentiated cytoplasm. Microfibrils and amorphous material appear in the connective tissue spaceThe extent of the connective tissue space is determined by boundary (basement) membranes; externally by those of epithelium facing the geometric exterior of the organism and internally by those of endothelium, mesothelium, muscle, nerve and fat. The true contents of the connective tissue space are the connective tissues. As used in this paper “connective tissue space” refers to the extracellular portion, in which the fibrous and amorphous components exist. by the end of the third day. From the fourth through the sixth day both cellular contours and contents suggest fibroblasts. Microfibrillar diameter increases from 50 to 150 Å. Periodicity does not occur. Matrix granules appear and establish contact with microfibrils. From the eighth through the eleventh day the predominating cell types are chondroblasts and chondrocytes whose fine structure is typical. Microfibrils become more numerous and matrix granules larger. During days 11 through 13, chondrocytes show degenerative changes including lucid areas of nucleoplasm and cytoplasm with fragmentation of endoplasmic reticulum. Microfibrils and matrix granules are heavily concentrated in the connective tissue space and lucent osteoid appears.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001310205
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The ependymal surface of the lateral ventricle of the dog as revealed by scanning electron microscopySupported by Public Health Service Grant NS 09363 from the Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke. (1973)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 137 (1973), S. 483-489 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Young dogs were perfused with buffered aldehydes at fluid pressures approaching normal physiological values. Surface tissue from the temporal horns of the lateral ventricles were prepared for scanning electron microscopy, using postosmication, critical point drying and gold-palladium coating.The ependymal surfaces are mostly ciliated but nonciliated areas occur along the medial walls. The latter areas are characterized by depressions, pores, fenestrations and a unique population of supraependymal cells. These polymorphic cells probably represent both conductive (neuronal) and supportive (neuroglial) elements. Adjacent to cilia-free areas, transitional zones are observed. Here, a net-like surface pattern consisting of smooth hexagonal cells is outlined by microvilli of varying lengths and isolated tufts of cilia are present.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001370410
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A study of fine structural changes in the cartilage-to-bone transition within the developing chick vertebraAided by an NIH Institutional grant FR-05407 for General Research Support. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 140 (1974), S. 451-469 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Forty-eight chick embryos were killed at 9-16 days of incubation age. Tissue was obtained from the fourth or fifth cervical vertebra, immersed in Karnovsky's fluid, post-fixed in osmium tetroxide, dehydrated in ethanol, stained “en bloc” with uranyl acetate in ethanol, and embedded in Epon 812. Vertebrae were oriented for cross-sectional microtomy in cephalic to caudal sequence. Thin sections were stained with uranyl and lead salt solutions saturated with tribasic calcium triphosphate to prevent decalcification.Chondrocytes within the cartilaginous vertebral body occur in various stages of degeneration without orderly arrangement. Both reversible and irreversible stages are found at the cartilaginous resorption front. Electron-lucent osteoid and mineralization appear in the intercellular matrix at about 12.5 days. Rapidly invading blood vessels form a highly variable resorption front and irregular marrow cavity. Capillaries with accompanying cells border on the front, but else-where open capillaries allow blood elements to be in direct contact with cartilage. Chondroclasts are associated with small areas of calcified cartilage. At about 14 days trabeculae are formed at the resorption front by osteoblasts which deposit bone osteoid on uncalcified cartilaginous matrix. The matrix is eroded away. A free trabecula of bone without a core of calcified cartilaginous matrix remains.Basic differences between developmental growth processes in the epiphyseal plate and vertebral body may stem from the large amount of uncalcified cartilaginous matrix at the latter's resorption front.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001400402
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of hydrocortisone on extracellular connective tissue fibrils in the early chick embryoAided by a grant from the North Dakota Heart Association and an NIH Institutional Grant for General Research Support (FR 05407). (1971)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 130 (1971), S. 331-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Two series of chick embryos were treated with hydrocortisone in an attempt to demonstrate the influence of this hormone upon microfibrils found free in the tissue space surrounding the notochord. Embryos in series I were explanted on agar-albumen medium and permitted to survive 1-24 hours after Ringer's solution or hydrocortisone had been pipetted onto the area vasculosa. Doses of hydrocortisone ranged from 5 μg to 1 mg. Series II embryos were similarly treated in ovo through a small shell “window” and then incubated 12 or 24 hours. All embryos were sacrificed at 72 hours incubation age. Ringer-treated embryos in both series exhibited a rich tangle of early extracellular connective tissue fibrils (microfibrils) surrounding the notochord. One hour after treatment with hydrocortisone, embryos in series I showed a reduction in perinotochordal microfibrils. At four hours the effect was maximal and by 12 hours, recovery had been initiated, the morphology of which suggested a re-organization of amorphous material and extracellular debris to form fibrillar structures. Twenty-four hours after treatment, recovery was complete and hydrocortisone-treated embryos exhibited perinotochordal fibril populations that were indistinguishable from Ringer-treated specimens. The results of the series II experiments roughly parallelled those seen in series I but were somewhat less predictable.Possible modes of action of hydrocortisone on connective tissues and their relationship to the present study are discussed. It is suggested that the steroid may induce the release of a substance with an enzymatic activity capable of digesting microfibrils. This catabolic activity may be reflected as an inhibition of connective tissue production if it is assumed that microfibrils are precursors of larger, more mature fibrils. It is further suggested that since microfibrils are thought to contain connective tissue proteins, the initiation of microfibrillar reduction by hydrocortisone could indicate that this hormone may act in a similar manner on more mature connective tissue fibrils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001300306
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The fine structure of developing unit collagenous fibrils in the chickAided by a grant from the North Dakota Heart Association. NIH grants NS 09363 and Institutional grant FR-05407 for General Research Support contributed significantly to laboratory expenses. (1974)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 140 (1974), S. 237-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Perivertebral cervical connective tissue was taken from chick embryos of incubation ages from 72 hours through hatching and from 4, 8, 12, and 16 week old chicks. Preparations for electron microscopy were routine except for en bloc staining with 5% aqueous uranyl acetate. Collagenase digestions of thin sections confirmed the presence of tropocollagen in banded extracellular fibrils.Banding becomes demonstrable in fibrils at about seven days but repeating units cannot be measured. Close to connective tissue cells the banded material is present in wide sheets. Partially banded fibrils (250 Å wide) physically related to microfibrils are present in acellular regions. Growth in fibril diameter is slow through the second week (up to 300 Å) but increases nearly 200 Å on days 14 and 15. Fibrils larger than 500 Å resist uranium and lead staining following the period of accelerated growth. Smaller fibrils (〈 500 Å) continue to stain well. A basic banding pattern of measurable periodicity is established by the eighth day. This consists of a major doublet, two minor doublets, and two singlets. The intraperiod distance does not change significantly with growth (510 Å average). Additional bands near the first minor doublet and singlets of the basic pattern are first clearly demonstrable at 14 and 15 days. Ambiguities in banding and period length are believed to be due to plane of section, interference with detail by other fibrils and flaky amorphous material or possibly to differential shrinkage along the length of a single fibril.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001400209
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