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  • 11
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    New York, N.Y. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Harper's. 57 (1878:June/Nov.) 765 
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  • 12
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    New York, N.Y. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    Harper's. 57 (1878:June/Nov.) 765 
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  • 13
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    Urbana, etc. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    American Journal of Psychology. 62:1 (1949:Jan.) 62 
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  • 14
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    Urbana, etc. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    American Journal of Psychology. 62:3 (1949:July) 392 
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  • 15
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    Urbana, etc. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    American Journal of Psychology. 64:1 (1951:Jan.) 128 
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  • 16
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    Urbana, etc. : Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)
    American Journal of Psychology. 65:2 (1952:Apr.) 298 
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 124 (1996), S. 332-339 
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Nicotine ; Genetics ; Self-administration ; Reinforcement ; Seizures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Inbred mouse strains differ in sensitivity to a first dose of nicotine and in the development of tolerance to nicotine. The experiments reported here used six inbred mouse strains (A, BUB, C3H, C57BL/6, DBA/2, ST/b) that differ in sensitivity to an acute challenge dose of nicotine to determine whether differences in oral self-selection of nicotine exist. Animals were presented with solutions containing nicotine or vehicle (water or 0.2% saccharin) and their daily intake of the two fluids was measured for 4 days starting with a 10 µg/ml nicotine solution. This was followed by sequential 4-day testing with 20, 35, 50, 65, 80, 100, 125, 160, and 200 µg/ml nicotine solutions. The strains differed dramatically in their self-selection of nicotine and in maximal daily dose (mg/kg); the rank order of the strains was C57BL/6〉DBA〉BUB〉A≥C3H≥ST/b for both the tap water and 0.2% saccharin choice experiments. Correlations between nicotine consumption and sensitivity to nicotine, as measured by a battery of behavioral and physiological responses, were also calculated. Strain differences in nicotine intake were highly correlated with senstivity to nicotine-induced seizures. As senstivity to nicotine-in-duced seizures increases, oral self-selection of nicotine decreases. This finding may suggest that this toxic action of nicotine serves to limit intake.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Pediatric radiology 18 (1988), S. 32-34 
    ISSN: 1432-1998
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Hepatobiliary scintigraphy has proven to be of great utility in distinguishing biliary atresia from other causes of neonatal cholestasis. Arteriohepatic dysplasia (Alagille's syndrome) is an uncommon entity characterized by typical facial features, pulmonary artery stenosis, and a liver disorder which presents during the neonatal period as progressive jaundice. Two neonates, who were later shown to have Alagille's syndrome, underwent hepatobiliary scintigraphy to rule out biliary atresia. Findings on the hepatobiliary scans from the two patients were similar to those usually associated with biliary atresia and both finally required surgical exploration to rule out biliary atresia. The findings on hepatobiliary scans in these patients with Alagille's syndrome are discussed and compared with those associated with other forms of neonatal cholestasis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Infection 10 (1982), S. 261-266 
    ISSN: 1439-0973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Herkömmliche Tiermodelle für die invasiveHaemophilus influenzae Typ b-(HITB-)Infektion haben nur eine geringe Letalität. Durch erhöhte Infektiosität des Erregers über Mäuse-Passage sowie mit Mucin und Hämoglobin konnten wir bei CF1-Mäusen eine Infektion mit hoher Letalität hervorrufen. Nach intraperitonealer Infektion entwickelte sich eine progressiv verlaufende Peritonitis und Bakteriämie, der eine HITB-Infektion des Gehirns und der Meningen mit letalem Ausgang folgte. Der Tod trat zwischen acht und 72 Stunden nach der Infektion ein, die Keimzahlen im Blut lagen zwischen 106 und 109 HITB pro ml, im Gehirn fanden sich 102 bis 105 HITB pro g. Mucin-Hämoglobin führte nicht zu einer Steigerung des HITB-Wachstums, doch hemmte esin vitro die Makrophagenadhäsion an Glas, ohne die Überlebenszeit der Zellen zu verändern.In vivo führte Mucin-Hämoglobin durch Störung der hepatischen Clearance zu einer Verminderung der Eliminationsrate von51Cr-markierten HITB aus dem Blut. Dieses technisch einfache und wenig aufwendige Model eignet sich zum Studium von Infektionen durch HITB, die die Charakteristika Bakterienvermehrung, Invasion und tödlicher Ausgang haben sollen.
    Notes: Summary Previous animal models of invasiveHaemophilus influenzae type b (HITB) infection are characterized by a low mortality rate. We produced a highly lethal infection in CF1 mice using mouse passage, mucin, and hemoglobin to enhance infectivity. Infection by the intraperitoneal route was followed by progressive peritonitis and bacteremia with subsequent HITB infection of the brain and meninges, and death. Death occurred between eight and 72 hours after infection and was associated with 106 to 109 HITB per ml of blood and with 102 to 105 HITB per g of brain. Mucin-hemoglobin did not augment HITB growth, but impaired macrophage adherence to glassin vitro, without decreasing cellular viability.In vivo, mucin-hemoglobin decreased the rate of disappearance of51Cr-labelled HITB from the blood by impairment of hepatic clearance. This technically simple and inexpensive model is useful for the study of HITB infections in which bacterial multiplication, invasion and host lethality are desired features.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Infection 12 (1984), S. S52 
    ISSN: 1439-0973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die bakterielle Meningitis bei Säuglingen und Kindern fordert weltweit beträchtliche Opfer.Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae undNeisseria meningitidis sind weiterhin die Haupterreger dieser Krankheit. Bemühungen, ihre Inzidenz zu vermindern, waren bislang nur von begrenztem Erfolg. In der Schnelldiagnostik, beispielsweise dem Antigennachweis, wurden in den vergangenen Jahren große Fortschritte erzielt. Doch sind für die ätiologische Diagnose nach wie vor Gramfärbung, zytologische Untersuchung und Liquorkultur die zuverlässigsten Verfahren. Trotz veränderter Empfindlichkeit der Bakterien gegenüber den gebräuchlichen antimikrobiellen Substanzen stellen Penicillin, Ampicillin und Chloramphenicol in der weit überwiegenden Zahl der Fälle immer noch eine wirksame Therapie dar, auch wenn neuere Cephalosporin-Derivate benötigt werden dürften, um die toxischen Wirkungen von Chloramphenicol zu umgehen und selektierte Bakterien, die Resistenzen gegen diese klassischen Antibiotika entwickelt haben, mit einer effizienten Therapie zu erreichen. Wegen der späten Diagnose und Schwere der Erkrankung ist die Prognose für die bakterielle Meningitis bei Säuglingen und Kindern nach wie vor mit Zurückhaltung zu stellen. Ob die Inzidenz der Erkrankung wesentlich gesenkt werden kann, wird von der Identifizierung der Bevölkerungsgruppen mit hohem Risiko und der Anwendung angemessener Präventivmaßnahmen abhängen.
    Notes: Summary Bacterial meningitis of infants and children exact a major toll worldwide.Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae andNeisseria meningitidis continue to be the major causes, and efforts to reduce the incidence of this disease have had limited success. Major advances in rapid diagnosis, such as antigen detection, have occurred over the past several decades; however, Gram stain, cytologic examination and culture of the CSF remain the most reliable means of making an etiologic diagnosis. Despite shifts in bacterial susceptibilities to commonly used antibacterial agents, penicillin, ampicillin and chloramphenicol remain effective therapy for the vast majority of cases, although newer cephalosporin derivatives may be required to avoid the toxicities of chloramphenicol and to effectively treat selected bacteria that have developed resistance to these more classical antibiotics. The prognosis for bacterial meningitis in infants and children remains guarded because of late diagnosis and the severity of the disease. Major reductions in the incidence of the disease will depend on definition of high-risk populations and application of appropriate preventions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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