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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 146 (1986), S. 233-238 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Nitrite detoxification ; Cytochrome o ; Nitrous oxide production ; Hedysarum coronarium ; Rhizobium spp. ; Denitrification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Rhizobium “hedysari” strain HCNT 1 rapidly reduced nitrite to N2O, only slowly reduced nitrate to nitrite and did not exhibit nitrous oxide reductase activity. Nitrite reduction in this rhizobium strain may be a detoxification mechanism for conversion of nitrite, which inhibits O2 uptake, to non-toxic N2O. Concentrations of nitrite as small as 3 μM diminished O2 uptake in whole cells. The bacterium did not couple energy conservation with nitrate or nitrite reduction. Cells neither grew anaerobically at the expense of these nitrogen oxides nor translocated protons during reduction of nitrite. Induction of nitrite reductase activity was not a response to the presence of nitrate or nitrite, but occurred instead when the O2 concentration in culture atmospheres fell to 〈16.5% of air saturation. Sensitivity of cytochrome o, which is synthesized only in cells grown under O2-limited conditions, may account for the toxicity of nitrite in strain HCNT 1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 149 (1988), S. 384-388 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Nitrite reduction ; Nitrite inhibition ; Bacteroids ; Sulla ; Nitrogenase ; Rhizobium “hedysari”
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ex planta, bacteroids of the sulla-symbiont Rhizobium “hedysari” strain HCNT 1 terminated reduction of nitrite at nitrous oxide irrespective of the presence or absence of acetylene. Nitrate was not reduced during the experimental period, but slight nitrate reductase activity occurred if incubation with nitrate was prolonged (up to 15 h). As was observed in free-living cells, exposure of the bacteroids to the metal chelator, diethyldithiocarbamate, prevented reduction of nitrite, indicating the presence of a copper-containing nitrite reductase. Pulses of 10–75 μM nitrite transiently impeded O2 uptake in bacteroids, which resumed consumption of O2 when the nitrite had been reduced. Exposure to 〉1.0 mM nitrite for 24h greatly inhibited nitrogenase activity (assayed as acetylene reduction activity) of bacteroids in planta. Exposure to the same concentrations of nitrite after 1h of incubation in the presence of acetylene almost completely stopped ongoing ethylene production in bacteroids of strain HCNT 1 extracted from nodules. Free cells of the non-nitrite-reducing R. “hedysari” strain CC 1335 were lacking in nitrogenase (acetylene-reduction) activity, whereas identically cultured (low-oxygen) strain HCNT 1 cells reduced both nitrite and acetylene.
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 12 (1965), S. 269-294 
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé 1. Un milieu semi-aride est défini comme étant celui dont les précipations effectives sont trop faibles pour permettre la production continuelle et satisfaisante de récoltes sans irrigation, mais suffisantes cependant pour la croissance saisonnière de fourrage et pour une production animale limitée. 2. Les résultats directs et indirects d'une faible précipitation annuelle sur des animaux domestiques herbivores sont discutés, et il est suggèré qu'ils soient additifs dans leur effet et soumettent les animaux à de très sérieuses épreuves physiologiques pendant la saison sèche. 3. Des détails d'expériences sur groupes de bovins jumeaux identiques, menées en champs et en étable métabolique sont données; la “East African Agriculture and Forestry Research Organization” prévoit de rechercher quelques-uns des effect directs d'une faible quantité de pluie sur le bétail domestique. 4. Dans un essai de deux ans (1960–62) sur bovins en champs, une privation d'eau de 48 et 72 heures en comparaison avec un abreuvage journalier, décroit la consommation d'eau de respectivement 11,5 et 17,9%. Une privation d'eau de 72 heures diminue significativement le gain en poids vif; la différence en faveur des bêtes abreuvées journalièrement étant de 14,9%. Cependant, la diminution du gain en poids vif s'observe pendant le premier mois de l'expérience et il semble évident que le bétail privé d'eau s'acclimate progressivement et qu'il se développe mieux qu'on aurait pu raisonnablement le prévoir. 5. Cette expérience démontre dramatiquement l'importance de la Perte au fourrage vert en poids vif du bétail parqué, dans la zone semi-aride de l'Est Africain. Cette perte apparaît après le début des pluies et concerne les 60% de la perte totale en poids vif de tous les groupes expérimentaux pendant la saison sèche 1961. 6. Deux autres expériences sont décrites, dans lesquelles des jumeaux indentiques de bovins, des typesBos taurus etBos indicus, traités en étables métaboliques, ont été soumis à un programme alimentaire dégressif, simulant par là le déclin en valeur nutritive d'une pâture semi-aride pendant la saison sèche et aboutissant finalement à une privation d'eau complète pendant 96 heures. 7. Dans la première expérience, il fut montré que le typeBos taurus était capable de diminuer sa production journalière d'azote uréique de 36,1 ± 2,28 à 2,3 ± 0,06 g et la production de N-urée par rapport à la production totale de N respectivement de 70, 2 à 15,0% et de 74,1 à 35,9%. 8. Les données de la seconde expérience, fondamentalement semblable quant à son principe, mais faite à plus grande échelle, montrent que la consommation totale en matière sèche et la consommation spontanée en eau sont étroitement liées et qu'elles diminuent toutes deux en même temps que la qualité de la pâture. Pareillement, la quantité d'eau contenue dans les urines et matières fécales diminue, cette décroissance s'observant d'abord dans les urines. 9. Les données expérimentales montrent que le typeBos indicus pourrait posséder deux caractéristiques lui donnant un avantage sur le typeBos taurus dans un milieu semi-aride. Son gain en matière sèche ne décroît pas si rapidement et il est plus apte à réduire le contenu en eau des urines et matières fécales. 10. Quand l'absorption d'éléments nutritifs avec eau à volonté est élevée, le bilan de l'azote est pour tous les bovins très positif, mais il décroît rapidement quand les composants nutritifs de la ration diminuent, pour finir par devenir négatif. Il est curieux de constater qu'une privation d'eau pendant 96 heures déplace le bilan de l'azote vers l'extrémité positive de l'échelle et cela pour les deux types étudiés. 11. Une application majeure de ces résultats est que les données qui concernent le bilan de l'azote dépendant essentiellement du type de régime aqueux auquel sont soumis les animaux étudiés, et que, d'autre part, il semble qu'en abreuvage à volonté (ad libitum), aucune règle ne puisse être définie par laquelle l'animal modifie sa consommation spontanée en eau (V.W.I.). selon la teneur en éléments nutritifs de ses aliments. Qui plus est, pour au moins l'élément nutritif azoté, une privation d'eau peut maintenir un animal en état de survie pour une consommation en protéines fraîches très en dessous des valeurs publiées auparavant. 12. Dans la section finale, quelques suggestions sont faites pour l'utilisation optimum des pâtures de l'Est Africain.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung 1. Ein halbtrockenes Klimagebiet kann definiert werden als ein Gebiet, dessen nutzbarer Niederschlag zwar zu gering ist, um einen ununterbrochenen Pflanzenanbau ohne Bewässerung zu betreiben, aber genügt für den saisonbedingten Futteranbau und für eine beschränkte Viehzucht. 2. Die direkten und indirekten Einflüsse geringer Regenmengen auf einheimisches Weidevieh werden besprochen und es wird nachgewiessen, dass sie zusätzlich in ihrer Wirkung sind und das Vieh einer sehr beträchtlichen physiologischen Beanspruchung während der Trockenzeit unterwerfen. 3. Einzelheiten über Versuche werden angegeben mit einer Reihe von eineiigen Vieh-Zwillingen, behandelt im Feld und im Stoffwechsel-Stall, und geplant von der East African Agriculture and Forestry Research Organization, um die direkten und indirekten Einflüsse eines geringen Regenfalles auf einheimisches Vieh zu bestimmen. 4. In einem zwei Jahre dauernden Feldversuch (1960–1962) nahm die Wasseraufnahme des Viehes, dem für 48 und 72 Stunden das Wasser entzogen wurde, um 11.5% beziehungsweise um 17.9% ab, verglichen mit dem Vieh das täglich getränkt wurde. Der Wasserentzug für 72 Stunden setzte bezeichnenderweise die Lebendgewichtszunahme herunter, mit einer Differenz von 14.9% im Vergleich zum täglich getränktem Vieh, aber der Rückgang in der Lebendgewichtszunahme geschah während der ersten Monate des Versuches und gab einen Hinweis, dass das von Wasser enthaltene Vieh sich besser akklimatisierte und besser gedieh als erwartungsgemäss angenommen werden konnte. 5. Dieser Versuch demonstriert drastisch die Wichtigkeit des „Grün-Gras“ Verlustes in Lebendgewicht von Weidevieh das in den halbtrockenen Gebieten von Ostafrika gehalten wurde. Dieser Verlust trat nach Anfang der Regenzeit auf und war verantwortlich für 60% des totalen Verlustes an Lebendgewicht aller Versuchsgruppen während der Trockenzeit in 1961. 6. Zwei weitere Versuche sind beschrieben, in welchemBos taurus undBos indicus, eineiige Viehzwillinge, gehalten in Stoffwechselställen, einem sich fortsetzenden Ernährungsabnahme-Planes unterworfen wurden, welcher die Abnahme des Nährwertes beim halbtrockenem Weiden während der Trockenzeit widerspiegelt und schliesslich zur Wasserenthaltung für 96 Stunden führte. 7. Im ersten Versuch zeigte es sich, dass dieBos taurus ihre Harnstoff-Stickstoff-Ausscheidung von 36.1 ± 2.28 auf 2.3 ± 0,06 g täglich und das Harnstoff-Stickstoff Verhältnis der totalen Stickstoff Ausscheidung von 70.2 auf 15% und von 74.1 auf 35.9% beziehungsweise vermindern konnten. 8. Werte vom zweiten Versuch — im Grunde genommen ähnlich dem ersten nur in grösseren Masstab durchgeführt — zeigten, dass die totale Aufnahme von Trockenfutter und freiwillige Wasseraufnahme untereinander zusammenhingen und dass, wenn die Qualität des Futters sich verschlechtert, die totale Trockenfutteraufnahme und freiwillige Wasseraufnahme abnimmt. Gleichzeitig vermindern sich die Wasserausscheidungen im Urin und in den Fäkalien, wobei die Wasserausscheidung im Urin sich zuerst verringert. 9. Die Versuchswerte deuten an, dass derBos indicus wahrscheinlich zwei Eigenschaften besitzt, die ihm einige Vorteile gegenüber demBos taurus in halbtrockenem Klimagebiet geben. Ihre Trockenfutter-Aufnahme verminderte sich nicht so rasch und sie waren besser imstande weniger Urin- und Fäkalienwasser auszuscheiden. 10. Wenn die Wasseraufnahme mit „ad libitum“ Wasser hoch war, war die Stickstoffbilanz aller Tiere sehr positiv, aber fiel sehr rasch und wurde zuletzt negativ wenn der Nährstoffgehalt der Rationen verringert wurde. Überraschend war, dass bei einem Wasserentzug von 96 Stunden sich die stickstoffbilanz zur positiven Seite der Waage bewegte und im Falle zweier Tiere sogar positiv wurde. 11. Die Hauptfolgerung aus diesen Ergebnissen ist, dass die Werte der Stickstoffbilanz völlig abhängig von der Art der Tränkung sind, denen die Versuchstiere unterworfen werden und dass es keine „ad libitum“ Tränkung der Tiere gibt, da das Vieh seine F.W.A. entsprechend des Nährstoffgehaltes verändert. Ausserdem steht fest, wenigstens für einen Nährstoff-Stickstoff, dass bei Wasserentzug ein Tier in der Lage ist seinen Körper zu unterhalten wenn seine Protein-Aufnahme weit unter dem von früher veröffentlichen Werten ist. 12. Im letzten Abschnitt sind einige Anregungen gegeben, wie das halbtrockene Grasland Ost-Afrikas am besten genützt werden kann.
    Notes: Summary 1. A semi-arid environment is defined as one in which the effective precipitation is too small for the successful practice of continuous crop production without irrigation water, but sufficient for the seasonal growth of forage and for limited animal production. 2. The direct and indirect results of low rainfall on domestic grazing animals are discussed, and it is suggested that they are additive in their effect and subject the animal to very considerable physiological stress during the dry season. 3. Details are given of experiments, using sets of identical cattle twins managed in the field and the metabolic stall, and planned by the East African Agriculture and Forestry Research Organization to evaluate some of the direct and indirect effects of low rainfall on domestic cattle. 4. In a two year (1960–62) field trial, water deprivation of cattle for 48 and 72 hours, as compared with watering daily, decreased water intake by 11.5 and 17.9%, respectively. Water deprivation for 72 hours significantly depressed liveweight gain, the difference in favour of the daily watered cattle being 14.9%, but the depression in liveweight gain occurred during the first months of the experiment and there was some evidence that the water deprived cattle acclimatised themselve and that they thrived better than could reasonably have been expected. 5. This experiment dramatically demonstrated the importance of the ‘green-grass’ loss in liveweight of ranched cattle managed in the semi-arid areas of East Africa. This loss occurs after the onset of the rains and accounted for 60% of the total loss of liveweight of all experimental groups during the 1961 dry season. 6. Two further experiments are described, in whichBos taurus andBos indicus identical twin cattle managed in metabolic stalls, were subjected to progressively declining planes of nutrition that simulated the decline in the nutritive value of semi-arid grazings during the dry season and finally to water deprivation for 96 hours. 7. In the first experiment it was shown thatBos taurus were able to decrease their urea-N output from 36.1 ± 2.28 to 2.3 ± 0.06 g. daily, and the urea-N proportion of total N- output from 70.2 to 15.0% and from 74.1 to 35.9%, respectively. 8. Data from the second experiment, basically similar in design but planned on a larger scale, showed that total dry matter intake and voluntary water intake were interrelated, and that as the quality of the feed deteriorated, total dry matter intake and voluntary water intake (V.W.I.) declined. At the same time urine and faecal water outputs were reduced, urine water output decreasing first. 9. The experimental data suggested thatBos indicus might possess two characteristics that would give them an advantage overBos taurus cattle in a semi-arid environment. Their dry matter intake did not fall so rapidly and they were more efficient at reducing urine and faecal water output. 10. When the nutrient intake with ‘ab lib’ water was high, the nitrogen balances of all the cattle were very positive, but they fell rapidly as the nutrient content of the ration declined and ultimately became negative. Surprisingly, when 96 hour water deprivation was introduced, the nitrogen balances moved towards the positive end of the scale and in the case of two animals the balances actually became positive. 11. One major implication of these results is that nitrogen balance data is completely dependent on the type of watering regime to which experimental animals are subjected, and that there is no such concept as ‘ad lib’ watering as the animal alters its V.W.I. according to the nutrient content of its feed. Furthermore, for at least one nutrient nitrogen, water deprivation can ensure that an animal is in a state of maintenance when its crude protein intake is far below previously published values. 12. In the final section some suggestions are made as to how the semi-arid grazings of East Africa can best be utilised.
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 48 (1983), S. 529-530 
    ISSN: 1572-9699
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 1095-1096 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 25 (1983), S. 627-630 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 5 (1963), S. 355-365 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: It has been found that a bacterium (isolant C12B) grew poorly on 6 and 8 carbon alcohols, well on 10 and 12 carbon alcohols, and slowly but well on the 14 to 18 carbon compounds. Unexpectedly, resting cells oxidized the 6 and 8 carbon compounds most readily and cell-free extracts oxidized 6, 8, and 10 carbon alcohols. Extracts from cells adapted to sodium lauryl sulfate oxidized the 12 carbon alcohol as well, if small concentrations of substrate were used. The bacterium grew on benzene sulfonate and adapted resting cells oxidized that compound. Pure culture degradation studies revealed that isolant C12B used only 11% of tetrapropylene ABS supplied as a sole carbon source, whereas 66% of sodium lauryl sulfate was degraded. Intermediate quantities of kerosene-based alkyl benzene sulfonate and a tallow-derived detergent were utilized. Extracts of another bacterium, TEG-5, grown on tetraethylene glycol, contained enzymes which oxidized polyethylene glycols up to an average molecular weight of 600, but not any larger polymers. This oxidation was visualized by coupling to reduction of ferricyanide.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 18 (1976), S. 1653-1655 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 15 (1973), S. 1007-1010 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 21 (1979), S. 787-802 
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: When the assimilation efficiency in batch culture of a variety of heterotrophic bacteria was tested in media containing progressively smaller concentrations of carbon substrate, two groups emerged. Those in the first group assimilated carbon progressively more efficiently as the initial concentration in the culture medium was lowered below 2 mg C/ml; some displaying efficiencies exceeding 80%. Those in the second group assimilated carbon at rates that changed little, if at all, with changes in the initial concentrations of carbon substrate. Members of the second group differed from the first in their metabolic versatility as evidenced by the ability of each to catabolize hydrocarbons. The energy content (heat of combustion) of the cells of the species tested varied little with changes in cultured conditions, and values for all fell close to the average for bacteria (5411 cal/g ash-free dry wt). In continuous aerobic culture on glucose-minimal medium, the carbon assimilation and energy assimilation efficiencies were simultaneously maximal for Enterobacter aerogenes when the input carbon concentration was 0.2004 mg/ml and the dilution rate was 0.57. An equation for predicting heat of combustion of cells from knowledge of their C,H,N, and O ratios was devised and tested. Precision ranged from +6% to -16%.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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