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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 271 (1993), S. 891-900 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Alkylammonium-alkanol-intercalates ; miscibility gap in alkanol complexes ; structure of alkyl interlayers ; coexistence of phases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Measurements of basal spacings ofn-tetradecylammonium-n-tetradecanol complexes of beidellite and montmorillonite in a wide range of tetradecanol concentrations have been carried out. Three different intercalate phases have been established at room temperature. In definite concentration ranges two of the phases coexist. These miscibility gaps disappear when the temperature is increased above 80°C. They appear again at cooling. This reversibility with temperature confirms the equilibrium nature of the phases observed. Additional information about the structure of the phases has been obtained by basal spacing measurements at constant temperature and alkanol concentration with all nine members of then-alkyl homologs with 10 to 18 carbon atoms in the chains. The structures of the interlayers in the different phases have been discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 266 (1988), S. 291-296 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Newtonian black films ; foamfilms ; gas permeability ; holes inbilayer film ; amphiphilebilayers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The gas permeability of Newtonian black foam films, formed on the top of a small bubble at the solution surface, was studied experimentally. The aqueous solutions contained sodium dodecylsulphate with concentrations in the range 1.5×10−4 to 3×10−3 mol/dm3 and sodium chloride (constant concentration of 0.5 mol/dm3). A dependence of the gas permeability coefficient on the surfactant concentration was obtained. The experimental results are discussed on the basis of a theory assuming the presence of clusters of molecule vacancies (holes) in the bilayer foam film, their number and size depending on the surfactant concentration. The experimental results are in agreement with this film structure and confirm the existence of flow through both the hole-free bilayer film and the holes. It was found that the holes of three molecule vacancies make the main contribution to gas permeability at low surfactant concentration. The diffusion coefficients through the hole-free film and through the three-vacancy holes are calculated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 254 (1976), S. 45-49 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Analogie zwischen den Eigenschaften der hochkonzentrierten Tensidlbsungen und der schwarzen Schaumlamellen wird diskutiert. Es wurden Messungen der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit ϰ von hochkonzentrierten (40–60%) Natriumdodecylsulphatlösungen mit der Hilfe einer speziellen Zelle (Fig. 1) durchgeführt. Die Temperaturabhängigkeit von ϰ für einige Tensidkonzentrationen wurde mit der Temperaturabhängigkeit der spezifischen elektrischen Leitfähigkeit ϰf von den schwarzen Schaumlamellen verglichen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen eine Analogie zwischen den elektroleitenden Eigenschaften des zweiten schwarzen Films und des Tensid-Wassergels bei niedrigen Temperaturen, was für eine Analogie zwischen den Strukturen dieser beiden Systeme spricht. Eine weitere Analogie wird bei höheren Temperaturen beobachtet, zwischen den elektrischen Leitfähigkeiten und beziehungsweise den Strukturen des ersten schwarzen Films und der lyotropen flüssigkristallinen Tensid-Wasserphase.
    Notes: Summary The analogy between the properties of the high concentrated surfactant solutions and the black foam films is discussed. Measurements of the specific electric conductance ϰ of high concentrated (40–60 %) sodium lauryl sulphate solutions are carried out with the aid of a special conductance cell (fig. 1). The temperature dependence of ϰ for several surfactant concentrations is compared on fig. 3 with the temperature dependence of the specific electric conductance ϰf of the black foam films. The results show that at low temperatures a complete analogy between the electroconductivity properties of the second black film on one hand and the surfactant-water gel on the other is evident, which indicates an analogy between the structures of these two systems. A further analogy is available between the electroconductivities and respectively the structures of the first black film and the liquid crystal phase surfactant-water, both being stable at higher temperatures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 255 (1977), S. 907-915 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurden Montmorillonitkomplexe mit nichtionogenen TensidenR(-OCH2CH2) x ,OH (R =n-hexadecyl-,n-octadecyl- und oleyl-;x = 2, 10 and 20) hergestellt. Die Tensidmoleküle bilden zwischen den Silicatschichten bimolekulare Filme. Mitx=2 sind die hydrophoben Reste und die anschließende -OCH2CH2-Äthergruppe bei niedriger Temperatur gestreckt und senkrecht zu den Silicatschichten orientiert (β i -Phase); nur die endständige HOCH2CH2-Gruppe sitzt direkt auf der Silicatschicht auf. Beim Erwärmen erniedrigt sich die Dicke der bimolekularen Tensidschicht stufenweise durch den Einbau von Kinken (β i -Phasen). Bei höheren Temperaturen (52°C mitR =C18H37-, 43 °C mitR =C16H33- und 12 °C mitR = oleyl) werden Tensidmoleküle reversibel aus den Schichtzwischenräumen verdrängt, die Packungsdichte erniedrigt sich, die gesamte polare Gruppe kommt in direkten Kontakt mit der Silicatschicht und die Alkylketten ordnen sich in eine Gaucheblockstruktur (α i -Phase). Diese kann bei noch höheren Temperaturen weitere Phasenumwandlungen erleiden. Mitx =10 undx = 20 werden auch bei Zimmertemperatur nur α-Phasen gebildet. Diese α-Phasen können zusätzlich langkettige Alkanolmoleküle aufnehmen und ternäre Komplexe mit β-Struktur bilden, die sich beim Erhitzen reversibel in α-Formen umwandeln. Langkettige polare Verunreinigungen in den Tensiden wirken ähnlich wie die Alkanolmoleküle. An den äußeren Oberflächen werden die Tensidmoleküle gleichartige Filme mit β- oder α-Struktur bilden, je nach der Zahl der -CH2CH2O-Gruppen und der Temperatur. Ein Film aus Hexadecylpolyglykoläthern wird etwa 27 Å dick sein in der β-Phase und etwa 17 Å in der α-Form.
    Notes: Summary Complexes of nonionic surfactantsR-(OCH2CH2)x OH with montmorillonite have been studied (R =n-hexadecyl,n-octadecyl and oleyl ;x=2, 10 and 20). On internal surfaces the surfactant molecules are arranged in bilayers. Withx=2 the alkyl chain and about one half of the polar group, (-R OCH2CH2O-) stand perpendicularly whereas the terminal —CH2CH2OH group is attached to the silicate surface (β1-phase). The bilayer thickness decreases stepwise with rising temperature due to the formation of kinks (βi-phases). At higher temperature (52 °C withR=C18H37-, 43°C withR=n-C16H33-, and 12 °C withR = oleyl-) surfactant molecules are squeezed out of the interlayer space reversibly, the packing density decreases, the whole polar head group gets attached to the silicate surface and the alkyl chains rearrange into a gauche-block structure. This structure undergoes further structural changes at still higher temperatures (α i -phases). The complexes withx =10 and 20 form α-phases even at room temperature. These α-phases take up long chain alkanol molecules under formation of β-structures which rearrange at higher temperatures into α-phases. Long-chain impurities of the surfactants can be intercalated in a similar way. Previous data indicating mono- or bilayers of flatly lying surfactant molecules refer to metastable phases due to steric hindrances of lattice expansion. It is proposed that the surfactant molecules build up similar films on the external surfaces, which can adopt β- or α-structures depending upon number of ethylene oxide groups and temperature. The films of hexadecyl polyglycol ethers for instance are about 27 Å thick in the β-phases and about 17 Å in the a-phases.
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